如何鉴别紫砂壶的质量好坏

如何鉴别紫砂壶的质量好坏 如何鉴别紫砂壶的质量好坏, 1、 安装工艺。 在外形上，从壶的侧面看，壶口、壶嘴和壶把的上端面应该平齐;从上面看，壶嘴壶把应该在同一条直线上，不应有歪斜，且居于壶身的中间。口、盖端面应该平整无起伏，配合应该严密，没有砂纸或锉刀打磨的痕迹。 通身不应该有裂纹和剥落，如有则是次品，价格最少要短三分之一。尤其注意嘴、把、滴子与壶身、壶盖镶接的地方，另外壶底、壶口沿、盖的口沿和花货的装饰物也是镶接上去的，也不应该有裂纹，有许多裂纹在壶的里面，特别要当心。剥落则可能发生在嘴、口、盖子等容易发生撞击的端面。 2、手工艺。 接头的地方应该过渡自然光滑，没有人工修补的痕迹。线条应挺拔清楚，不拖泥带水，花货的形象应尽量逼真、有质感，工具修饰的痕迹应越少越好。我们要以机械整体加工的规格来衡量，好的壶应该就像用机械整体加工出来一般，其加工精度以500元的壶为标准，光面每厘米非造型起伏不得超过?0.1毫米，装配精度误差不得超过1毫米，口与盖的配合间隙在0.5毫米左右，如果盖子是对称几何形，则盖子在各个对称方向上应该配合良好。这里要注意的是不应该有为了配合良好而用砂纸、锉刀打磨的痕迹。 3、烧成。 在烧成过程中由于火力的不均匀、温度的高低可能造成颜色不均匀，有气泡，过老或过嫩等现象，这也要注意。 经历了一千多年的历史演变，宜兴紫砂壶以其得天独厚的泥料，巧夺天工的制作技艺， 集符合科学的生产工艺，精美绝伦的器物造型，有囗皆碑的实用功能，成为世界名陶。历代宜 兴陶瓷工匠用烈火使陶土放出异彩，也给后人留下了许多千古之谜，现代科学技术的手段提供 了打开这个宝库的钥匙，让我们不断深入地进行紫砂陶的科学研究，探索奥妙，经验，古 为今用，促进陶都繁荣昌盛，促使宜兴紫砂陶的优秀传统发扬光大。 在外形上，从壶的侧面看，壶口、壶嘴和壶把的上端面应该平齐;从上面看，壶嘴壶把应该在同一条直线上，不应有歪斜，且居于壶身的中间。口、盖端面应该平整无起伏，配合应该严密，没有砂纸或锉刀打磨的痕迹。 1. “宜兴茗壶，以粗砂制之，正取砂无土气耳”又“茶壶以砂者为上，盖既不夺香又无熟汤气，故用以泡茶不失原味，色、香、味皆蕴”，上述为古人总结的心得，易言之，以紫砂壶来泡茶，只要充分掌握茶性与水温，当可泡出“聚香含淑”、“香不涣散”的好茶，比起其它材质茶壶，其茶味愈发醇郁芳香。 2. 紫砂壶“注茶越宿，暑月不馊”，茶汁不易霉馊变质，且不易起腻苔，所以清洗容易，不费周章。值得一提的是，此处所指的“暑月不馊”，即夏日隔夜亦不馊，虽然就茶道而言，理应“旋沦旋啜”、“宜倾竭即涤去停渣”，即随泡随饮，事毕即清除茶渣，但现代人生活繁忙，将茶渣留于壶中数日亦是常事。对此，清 第1页;共58页 人吴骞记载了他的洗壶妙方:“壶宿杂气，满贮沸汤，倾，即没冷水中，亦急出，冷水泻之，元气复矣。”读者不妨一试。 3. 紫砂陶是一种介于陶和瓷之间，属于半烧结的精细茶器，具有持殊的双气孔结构，透气性极佳且不渗漏。由于这种特性，所以它能吸收茶汁，壶经久用，自然能于内壁累积出“锈(茶山)”，此时即使不置茶，叶，单以沸水冲入亦能泡出淡淡的茶香来。(也由此可知“一壶不事二茶”的原因)。 4. 紫砂茶具使用越久，不但壶身光泽越加光润，而且据《阳羡茗壶系》载:“壶经久用，涤拭日加，自发闇然之光，入手可鉴”，此即指常用干布摩拭，更显气韵温润，这也正是国人热衷的“养壶”。 5. 紫砂器具有耐热性能，冷热急变性佳，寒天腊月即使注入沸水，也不易因温度遽变而胀裂。(壶身有暗伤者，另当别论。) 6. 紫砂砂质传热缓慢，执用时较不易烫手，且性耐烹烧，可放在温火上炖煮，所以用紫砂制成的砂锅十分受到人们的欢迎。此外，紫砂因传热慢，所以保温亦较持久，此点对于半发酵茶而言，更是一项难得的特点。 7. 紫砂土具有良好的可塑性及延展性，配合以特殊且精准的制壶技艺，所以成品口盖严密，缝隙极少，减少了含霉菌的空气流向壶内的管首，相对延长了茶汤变 质的时间，有益人体健康。 8(砂泥色多采，且多不上釉，透过历代艺人的巧手妙思，便能变幻出种种缤纷斑斓的色泽、纹饰来，加深了它的艺术性。 9. 紫砂泥的可塑性高，虽不利于灌浆成型，但其成型技法变化万千，不像手拉坯等轮转成型法，只限于同心圆范围，所以紫砂器在造型上的品种之多，堪称举世第一。 10.紫砂茶具透过「茶」，与文人雅士结缘，并进而吸引到许多画家、诗人在壶身题诗、作画，寓情写意，此举使得紫砂器的艺术性与人文性，得到进一步提升. 紫砂壶的泡养及使用 正确的养壶方法: (一)( 泡茶之前先冲淋热水,泡茶之前，宜先用热水冲淋茶壶内外，可兼具去霉、消毒与暖壶三种功效。 第2页;共58页 (二)( 趁热擦拭壶身泡茶时，因水温极高，茶壶本身的毛细孔会略微扩张，水气会呈现在茶壶面。此时，可用一条干净的细棉巾，分别在第一泡、第二泡„„的浸泡时间内，分几次把整个壶身拭遍，即可利用热水的温度，使壶身变得更加亮润。 (三)( 泡茶时，勿将茶壶 浸水中 ,有些人在泡茶时，习惯在茶船内倒入沸水，以达保温的功效，然而这对养壶则无正面的功效，反而会在壶身留下不均匀的色泽。 (四)( 泡完茶后，倒掉茶渣,每次泡完茶后，应倒掉茶渣，用热水冲去残留在壶身的茶汤，以保持壶里壶外的清洁。 (五)(壶内勿浸置茶汤,泡完茶后，务必把茶渣和茶汤都倒掉，用热水冲淋壶里壶外，然后倒掉水分。应保持壶内干爽，绝对不可积存湿气，如此养出来的陶壶，才能发出自然的光泽。 (六)、阴干时应打开壶盖,把茶壶冲淋干净后，应打开壶盖，放在通风易干之处，等到完全阴干后再妥善收存。 (七)、避免放在灰尘多之处,存放茶壶时，避免放在油烟、灰尘过多的地方，以免影响壶面的润泽感。 (八)(避免用化学洗洁剂清洗,绝对不能用洗碗精或化学洗洁剂刷洗陶壶，不仅会将壶内已吸收的茶味洗掉，甚至会刷掉茶壶外表的光泽，所以应绝对避免。 紫砂壶的保养: 1. 新壶购置回来，可用细纱布稍加磨擦，用水清洗后，放如较浓的茶叶水锅里煮沸，稍凉后，再点火煮沸，如此再三，取出晾干后即可沏茶。 2. 不论新壶、旧壶，用开水沏茶后，壶体表面温度较高，此时可用湿毛巾，或干净湿布，擦抹壶体，水印旋擦旋干，反复多次，壶体温度降后，亦可用手摩挲，因手掌有油汗，有利于壶体光润。如此坚持三四月后，新壶大体可发"黯然之光"。 3. 茶壶长期不用，应及时将茶渣倒出，以免发生霉变或产生异味.茶壶最忌沾上 油污 试论紫砂壶商品性和艺术性的结合 第3页;共58页 自北宋以来，紫砂之名传承不息，数百年的沉积，如今紫砂壶种类繁多。但世人却有商品壶、工艺壶之分。 商品壶，顾名思义仅仅把紫砂壶当作一种商品，其中又以细货、粗货之分来确定其商品价值。但总的说来，商品壶工艺粗糙，量多质差，其商品价值也不会很高，以其价低为普通人群接受，却不能成为众多收藏玩家真正喜爱追求的理想作品;而工艺壶一般有工艺壶、特艺壶之档次区分。工艺壶的价值又按艺人特有的设计理念和独特制作工艺以及稀少珍贵的泥料，以及全面表达出艺人独有作品的价值程度而论。 如今处于紫砂事业蓬勃发展阶段的陶都宜兴，紫砂商品壶在紫砂制品市场上琳琅满目，其种类繁多、数量充足，已经成为了紫砂商品壶市场的一大特色。不过，紫砂商品壶附带而来的“品质低下”也成为了商品壶的代名词。商品壶虽然品质难以过硬，但依然市场紧俏易销为众多商家所爱，盖因其价格低廉又有紫砂名气～而同样工艺壶在凝聚了紫砂艺人的创作心血之后设计不菲，名师壶更是众相追捧，大有“名制一壶，值抵中人一家产”之势。 回顾紫砂事业处于低靡状态，那时同样也不缺乏紫砂艺人对紫砂艺术真谛的不息追求，但紫砂事业却始终低靡不振，紫砂壶难为世人所钟爱。究其原因，紫砂事业要蓬勃发展离不开经济的发展，而紫砂制品走向市场，依靠紫砂其独特的魅力和独特的功能吸引四海的目光，为更多更广的朋友所接受所喜爱。而这一切就决定了紫砂艺术中“商品性”这一特殊属性的必然。 商品，究其含义就是适合市场交换的劳动产品，被普通人群所接受。因此好的商品一定要有利于市场交换，通俗说来就是好商品容易卖出去。大家应该都能想象什么样的商品最利于卖出去，既然要卖当然就必须涉及到广大消费者的消费取向，因此简单地说就是要迎合消费者的消费心理、勾起消费者的消费欲望、要投消费者所好、要使消费者对商品“一见钟情”～把以上所述沿用到紫砂上来，就是紫砂艺人做出来的壶要被广大壶友接受，要引起买壶之人的购买兴趣、购买欲望，要以其特有的“秀色”使壶友难以它顾。这就是今天紫砂壶必须具备的特殊属性——商品性。这就是如今要发展紫砂事业、促进紫砂事业的昌盛所必须具备的条件。而要满足紫砂的商品性，除了要自我完善制壶工艺之外，还必须要在这基础上出一点“绝招”～这绝招对每个不同的紫砂艺人来说，其自我诠释也是各有各的见解、各有各的专长，或变革创新、或博采广纳、或奇手妙艺„„也就是每一个紫砂艺人都会在工艺上形成自我的固有风格。 笔者认为，紫砂的商品性与工艺性是密不可分、相辅相承的。一件紫砂作品，其工艺性方面趋于完美，那么其商品性方面应该也是商品价值极高的;另一方面，假如一件紫砂作品要想具备比较理想的商品价值，那么首先这件紫砂作品必须在工艺方面没有明显的大的瑕疵。名家壶之所以为广大壶友所追捧只不过是其固有风格已经为世人所认可，其固有风格赢得了壶友的消费心理，它总会在某些方面为壶友所钟爱，见“艳”心喜。这一“艳”字，其实也包含众多，譬如泥料、造型、色泽、制作方法、成型工艺、装饰手法，甚至艺人的名气„„但都可以概括 第4页;共58页 为在工艺性方面没有大的瑕疵，是一件完整无缺的作品。在商品性方面以其造型工艺的特色赢得人心、赢得市场。名家壶如此，工艺壶如此，新近繁盛的商品壶亦是如此～随着近期紫砂界风起云涌，广大爱壶买壶之人对于紫砂壶了解日深，对于一些紫砂壶鉴赏的专业知识也日益深入。从一开始对传统紫砂文化的敬仰，产生对自己喜欢的壶“盲目”购买收藏，到如今越来越多的壶友会对自己所购买收藏之壶，从泥料材质到造型工艺进行自我评估，甚至会运用现代交流工具——网络，把紫砂壶各个视角的照片发布到网上，以众人之力来对其进行“三堂会审”。如果连最基本的工艺都乏善可陈的话，那么可以肯定的是此类作品不可能通过广大壶友的把关。可见，如今紫砂得到了发展，但壶友的素养也同步得到了提升，要想更好地发展紫砂壶的商品特性，就必须在工艺方面重下功夫，尽可能地完美紫砂的工艺性。然而，要创立紫砂作品良好的商品性，还要以“新艺”吸引壶友的关注目光，这却是不分什么商品壶，还是工艺壶的。 紫砂壶的商品性与工艺性是一个不可分割的有机整体、相辅相成，两者有其相交结合之处。只有商品性与工艺性并重，才能更加稳步地发展紫砂事业，让紫砂文化为越来越多的人所接受。 紫砂壶价格差距缘何悬殊 宜兴紫砂壶和中国的景瓷早已是天下闻名了～可是，有的紫砂壶在拍卖市场上能叫价几十万元，有些卖茶具的商店，一把紫砂茶壶也就几十元。同是紫砂壶，价格何以相差那么大呢, 现在有很多人误以为凡是陶壶都是紫砂壶，其实不然。用江苏宜兴紫砂陶土烧制而成的紫砂陶茶具，才是举世公认的质地最好的茶具。 紫砂茶具始创于北宋末年，兴盛于明代正德年间，以紫砂茶壶最为著名。其最大的特点就是用紫砂壶泡茶，不失茶的原味。因为紫砂陶壶气孔较大，吸水率高，具有良好的透气性，能较长时间保持茶叶的色香味，从而推迟茶叶变质发馊的时间。 紫砂壶收藏的“名人效应” 宜兴紫砂陶土的品种繁多，因此我们所见的紫砂茶具的颜色也五彩缤纷。天然紫砂泥质有红泥，或称朱砂泥、紫泥、本山绿泥(呈米黄色)、天青泥(堪称泥中黄金，出矿时呈绿颜色，十分难得)和调砂泥，因此应根据泥土质地，而不是颜色来区分其贵贱好坏。 紫砂壶收藏爱好者必须知道，和字画、陶瓷等收藏品一样，紫砂壶收藏也有“名人效应”，名人制作的壶与非名人制作的壶在收藏价值上有天壤之别。市面 第5页;共58页 上的紫砂壶有的是经济实用，制作简单，成本也较低的一般茶壶;还有是选料精良、精雕细琢、出自名家的工艺品紫砂壶，收藏宜选后者。 紫砂壶史上首位有名可考的大师名叫供春，自明代的供春之后，制壶艺人相继辈出:董翰、赵梁、元畅、时朋、被称为紫砂壶制作“四大名家”。而时朋之子时大彬见紫砂壶除一般家用外，还有品茗、斗趣之需，后改制小壶。时大彬制作的紫砂壶，其壶身、底、盖都可分可合，水入注其中，则“滴屑无漏”。因此其作品历代都备受追捧。 在茶壶底部，制陶者一般会有印记，有的名家防止别人效仿，经常设计多种印记。还有的名家，故意将其印记模糊，以防止仿效。因此，在选择名家茶壶作为收藏对象时,应选择信誉度较好之商家. 紫砂壶式样繁多 据专家介绍，一把紫砂壶准确地说共有钮、壶盖、壶腹、壶把、流嘴、足、气孔等七个部位。而从制作的工艺上细分，足有圈足、钉足、方足、平足之分;钮有珠钮、桥式、物象钮等三种。壶盖有嵌盖、压盖、截盖;把有单把、圈把、斜把、提梁把，其形真可谓纷繁多样。 历代流传的紫砂壶型制都有一定名称，至今还有数十种流行。如洋桶、一粒珠、龙蛋、四方、八方、梅扁、竹段、鱼儿龙、寿星等，仍普受欢迎。现代人较注意紫砂壶的收藏价值，单从其收藏价值考虑，紫砂古壶价值连城、寸柄之壶则更珍贵。 怎样才算好壶 一把好的紫砂壶有以下几个特点:第一、从型制上看，如果去掉盖子，茶壶嘴、壶柄及茶壶口一般是在一个水平面上的。也就是说，如果将茶壶倒转放平，基本上是可以和水平面保持一致的。其次，如果将壶中水倒出，手按住茶壶盖的小孔或流口，水如果涓滴不出或壶盖不落，则表示是一把好壶。 (特型壶例外) 第二、从功能上来看，茶味不易霉馊变质。其次，如果有水溢出壶外，水很快就被壶吸干了。 第三、如果是好的紫砂壶，使用过后，即使空壶沸水注入，也有茶味。用过的茶壶，表面比新壶更光滑。 养壶小秘诀 第6页;共58页 好壶也需要保养。使用新壶之初，应先用茶汤煮一番，这样既可除去土味，还可以使壶得到滋养，煮后的新壶置于干燥且无异味处阴干就可使用。 在泡用紫砂壶前，除倒去茶渣外，还要用热水冲去残汤，保持清洁。茶壶还应经常擦拭，并用手不断抚摸，清洗茶壶表面时，也尽量用手加以擦洗，洗后放于干燥通风且无异味之处阴干。 映月『荷花』别样红——访中国工艺美术大师蒋蓉 团团花瓣簇拥莲蓬，米黄的底色，朱红的花脉，墨绿的莲房内镶嵌着粒粒的青蛙，多么清丽～这不是一幅画，而是一把壶，紫砂金玉凝成的立体的艺术～ 走进市博物馆的周怀民藏画馆，这套《荷花茶具》首先映入眼帘。当我们惊叹于大胆的色彩搭配、流畅的线条与浓郁的民俗特色时，壶的制作者被誉为“紫壶女泰斗”的中国工艺美术大师蒋蓉走向了我们。 “今天，我真的很高兴。紫砂壶能被家乡博物馆收藏，是件好事。”年过八旬的蒋蓉一幅慈祥模样，《阳羡古韵——宜兴紫砂艺术精品展》的开幕式上，她称得上是最忙的人了，不断地有人采访，摄影，老人都不厌其烦。她说，尽管自己的作品早已被收藏在英国等国外知名博物馆里，南京博物院等也有她的“一壶之地”但是让家乡的艺术殿堂里传播、发光、是她最开心的事了。”所以，博物馆的同志跟我一说入藏展的事，我一口答应了。“老人的爽快也推动了此番艺术展的顺利进行。” 做壶，我想要效法自然，提炼自然。“别看老人如今腿脚不方便，心灵手巧的她早以为自己60多岁的艺术生涯进行了一番总结:”只有到大自然中去，通过实地观察，师法造化，博采众长，才能把艺术美感与自然生趣融和起来，才能有所成就。“当年她跟着伯父仿制紫砂古董。后来她走上了自己的创新的路，《荷花茶具》称得上她的成名之作。”我先采集了荷花等的样本，仔细观察，把一筋一瓣都模仿的惟妙惟肖，但这还不够，为了美化茶具的全身，我又一次次地去莲池看，终于看到跳来跳去的小青蛙，我把它拿来做了’的子‘你看，这把壶不就很有生机嘛, “泥土就这样在蒋蓉手里被赋予了生命。60多年来，她创制了千姿百态的200多种紫砂工艺品，如今，耄耋之年的年的她把更多精力花在了教学生身上，正如她所说的:"让家乡艺术在下一代手里发扬光大. 宜兴紫砂富贵土 江苏宜兴古名荆溪、阳羡，地处太湖西岸，具有久远的烧陶历史。宜兴特有一种澄泥陶，颜色绛紫，制品称作"紫砂器"，通常也简称"紫砂"。近千年来，紫 第7页;共58页 砂经过产生、发展的过程，到明代末期臻于成熟，此后历久不衰，于是在景德镇瓷都之外，并列一个陶都宜兴，产品畅销国内外。宜兴紫砂早已成为很多人研究的课题。 (一) 紫砂原料，是颗料较粗的陶土，它和景德镇、龙泉窑的瓷土同属高岭-石英-云母类型，但铁、硅量较高。从颜色分主要有三种子:一种呈紫红色和浅紫色，称作"紫砂泥"，肉眼可以见含有云母微料，烧成后为紫黑色或紫棕色;一种呈灰白色或灰绿色，称作"经泥"，烧成后为浅灰色或灰黄色;还有一种呈红棕色，称作"经泥"，烧成后为灰黑色。这三种陶土，宜兴丁蜀镇的黄龙山都有蕴藏，紫砂尼最丰富，绿泥较为稀少。根据宜兴陶瓷工业公司的研究，利用这些陶土来烧制器皿，有以下优点: 一是紫砂原料经过澄淀、炼制，可塑性好，烧制过程中收缩率小，烧成范围大，产品不易变形。 二是紫砂成品有小于2%的吸水率，说明它的气孔率介于一般陶器和瓷器之间。紫砂原料中存在大量团聚体，团聚体内部有闭口气孔。烧成时，团聚体产生较大的收缩，它的周围又生成一层断断续续的气孔群，大部分属开口气孔，显气孔率约为5%。这样质地的器皿，用来泡茶，色、香、味俱佳;用来栽花，具有良好的透气性和排水性，不易烂根。 三是泥料分子排列呈鳞片状结构，与一般陶瓷泥料的颗粒结构不同。因此，紫砂成品冷热急变性好，热传导性低，用为茶具时，抚摸不烫的，寒冬季节沸水注入及火上煎烧都不易炸裂，优于一种般瓷器。 四是按照行家的说法，可烧成海棠红、朱紫砂、葵黄、墨绿、白砂、淡墨、沉香、水碧、闪色、葡萄紫、榴皮、梨皮、豆青、新铜绿等几十种颜色，全凭原料呈现的天然色泽，成为紫砂器高雅、质朴的装饰。 紫砂器按使用功能可分为几大类，第类都有丰富的造型。 首先是茶壶类，这是紫砂器的大守。紫砂壶造型多姿态多采，按宜兴陶瓷工业公司的归纳，有: 1、 几何形体造型，主要是筋纹器，包括圆形、方形、菱花型、葵形等。 2、 直接取材于自然界的瓜果花木、虫鸟鱼兽的造型。包括整体模拟自然形体的造型，如松竹梅、柿子、莲心;以及以几何形为主体，以自然形态诸如竹节、松鼠葡萄等为器皿的嘴、把、盖、足等局部的造型。 3、 受生活中某些器物式样启发而设计的造型，如玉笠、柱基、斗方。 4、 借鉴青铜器、锡器、玉器、彩陶、秦砖汉瓦的形式，设计的簋、瓦当等造型。 另外的一些提法，或者分为自然形、几何形、筋纹形和水平形;或者分为高颈壶、矮颈壶和提梁壶;还有的分为素面的"光货"和加堆塑装饰的花货。 其次为花盆类。花盆造型有圆形、腰形、蛋形、四方、长方、三角、六角、八角、折角，还有如"一颗印"、筒形、升形、弓形、枕形、蝶形、豆形、叶形，以及云 第8页;共58页 肩、钟鼎、梅花、海棠、菱花、菊花、喇叭、竹节等形状。花盆的口沿有漂口、直口、窝口、和蒲包四种处理方式。底足分挖足、装足两种。 再次是罐类和其他，主要有罐、瓶、杯、盏、盘、碟、盒、文具、香熏、像生果子、枕头、挂屏、鼻烟壶、蟋蟀罐、塑像等。 (二) 作为大宗的紫砂茶具，它的生产和发展，同我国上千年的饮茶习俗有关。 中国是茶树的故乡，很早就开始了茶的种植和利用。西汉王褒《僮约》，东汉末年华佗《食论》，唐代封演《封氏闻见记》，陆羽《茶经》，白居易《琵琶行》，宋代孟元老《东京梦华录》等，为我们留下了关于卖茶、饮茶的许多史料和论述。人们认识到茶有止渴、提神之功;商人或肩挑担子、或乘船到几百里以外去买茶叶;市面上有人设铺卖茶，提瓶卖茶，顾客可投钱取饮;饮茶的方式有"烹茶"、"煎茶"、"点茶";饮茶的普及程度是"比屋饮"、"穷日尽夜"、"俗遍天下"。与饮茶有关的器皿，有茶盏、汤盏、茶筅、茶碾、茶瓶、茶瓶、汲水瓶和花瓶等等。至于茗壶，民间传说苏轼设计过"东坡壶"，是一咱大型提梁壶。到了明代，在汉族地区，散茶、芽茶取代了膏茶、饼茶，方式改为泡茶，茗壶成为主要茶具。茗壶在明初仍然较大，以后逐渐变小。福建、广东一带饮用乌龙茶之"功夫茶"，茗壶更是小得出奇。《阳羡名陶录》卷下引周澍《台阳百咏注》，说台湾人品茶"郡人茗皆自煮，必先以鼻嗅其香，最重供春小壶"。 饮茶之风在上层社会的盛行，影响尤其巨大。从《三国志》卷六十五、魏张揖《广雅》，唐杨华《膳夫经手录》、冯贽《云仙杂记》、宋《太平御览》卷八六七，可见吴主孙皓、宋徽宗赵佶、宋代文人苏轼、陆游等，都好饮茶。早在唐代，讲究饮茶已经形成理论，以后持续不断，当然关涉到茶具。宋人喜"斗茶"，对茶具的制法和色泽有特殊的要求。明人认为"茶壶以小为贵，每一客，壶一把，任其自斟自饮，方为得趣。何也,壶小则香不涣散，味不耽搁"。至于体验到"品茶一人得神，二人得趣，三人得味，七、八人是名'施茶'"，以及"茶之为饮，最宜精行修德之人"云云，这就是"茶道"的真谛了。品茶理论的发展，必然影响和促进茶具的生产。而茶具之中，紫砂占有了举足轻重的地位。 在清朝宫廷中，紫砂茶具成为皇家贡品。台北故宫博物院收藏有"康熙年"年款的画珐琅四时花卉紫砂壶，造型有方有圆。清宫内务府造办处的档案，记载雍正四年(1726年)十月二十日"持出宜兴壶大小六把"。乾隆二十三年(1758年)十月五日的档案，苏州织造送到"宜兴壶四件"。北京故宫博物馆藏有带"乾隆年制"底款的紫砂壶和乾隆帝处出时携带的状在藤编提盒里的成组饮茶用具，包括本集所收镌刻乾隆帝御制诗的紫砂壶和茶叶罐等。 紫砂茶具之作，还与国外市场的需求有关。 明末，葡萄牙东印度公司大量贩运中国茶叶到西欧的同时，紫砂器传到了荷兰，引起了欧洲人的兴趣，时称"红色瓷器"、"朱泥器"或"朱砂?quot;。大约在1680年，荷兰匠师米尔德(Ary de Milde)曾加以仿造。1690年，英国匠师埃勒尔(Elers) 第9页;共58页 弟兄用红色粘土仿制紫砂器，适应了英国上层社会流行饮茶的风尚，满足了他们对茶具的需要。美国纽约莫塔赫德(Mottahedeh)藏有郑宁侯制透雕树枝、梅花方壶和双流壶。后者为一件提梁壶，壶内分隔为两小室，可分装两种茶;两个壶嘴镶银，边上分别刻上英文"Green"(绿茶)"Bohea"(武夷)。在日本，江户时代末期传入紫砂茶具，镌有"惠孟臣"和"陈鸣远"名款的茗壶特别为人所宝爱。十九世纪中叶，在医生平野忠司倡导下，陶工们在常滑试烧紫砂器。明治年间，常滑陶工鲤江高须，聘请苏州籍紫砂艺人金士恒去日本传授技艺。中国紫砂茶具有专供外销的产品，存?quot;贡局"砂壶，是专为泰国烧制的，有"天启贡局"、"顺治贡局"等铭款。这种出口茗壶，直到十九世纪还在继续烧制。清光绪年间，紫砂器大量销往日本、墨西哥和南美各国。 (三) 基于紫砂器特有的性质，它在历史上多作茶具。紫砂茶具的发展历程，实际上就是紫砂器发展史的基本部分。 宋人欧阳修、梅尧臣等都写过歌咏"紫瓯"的诗词，或认为紫砂茶具在北宋已经诞生，而且受到上层社会的欢迎。1976年7月，在宜兴丁蜀的羊角山，发现古窑址的废片堆积，其中有早期的紫砂残片，泥色紫红，泥质粗糙，手工技术不高，成品有明显的火疵，复原所得大部分为壶。羊角山窑，据判断年代上限不早于北宋中期，盛行于南宋，下限延至明代中期。这一发现，被认为印证了紫砂始于北宋的看法。 文献中确切记载的紫砂历史，是从明代正德年间供春学金沙寺僧制作茗壶开始的。供春所制，据第一部紫砂艺术的专著--周高起在开启年间写成的《阳羡茗壶系》中所说，当时已经极难经见。现存传世的供春壶，见于著录而且很著名的有两件:一件是"树瘿壶"，传说曾为吴大 ，后为储南强所得，把下刻"供春"两字，裴石民配制壶盖，黄宾虹为之定名，现存中国历史博物馆;另一件是原罗桂祥先生收藏，后藏香港茶具文物馆，壶底有"大明正德八年供春"两行楷铭款的"六瓣圆囊壶"。据顾景舟先生谈，曾见过树瘿状壶有十二件之多，不合文献所载供春过的特点，似难以定为真品。不过，传世供春壶作为明代中后期紫砂的标志，时代赋予的地位是不可忽视的。 考古挖掘所见有明确纪年可考的紫砂实物，现在首推南京市博物馆的一件藏品。这是一件提梁壶，通高17.7厘米，1965年出土于南京市中华门外马家山的明司礼太监吴经墓，同出的有嘉靖十二年砖刻墓志。这件壶的质地、制法，可与羊角山出土标本相比照。它的胎体近似缸胎而质地较细，壶面粘附着"缸坛釉泪"，证明当时烧制紫砂还没有另装匣钵，是与一般缸器同窑烧成的。吴经墓出土的这件壶，对于鉴定供春生活时代制作的紫砂器，具有很大的借鉴意义。 时鹏、董翰、赵良、元畅是嘉靖、万历时期的著名陶工，号称"四大家"。清乾隆年间吴骞所著《阳羡名陶录》说:董翰始创菱花式壶，赵良多制作提梁式壶。他们的作品都有传世，当然不多，收藏家和鉴赏家们很注意鉴别考证。 第10页;共58页 时鹏之子时大彬是供春以后最著名的陶艺大师。他生活在万历年间，所用陶土杂有硇砂，制壶不务妍媚，朴雅坚致。最初仿供春作大壶，后识文学家、书画家陈继儒等人，接受品茶、试茶理论的启发，一反旧制，专做小壶。这是紫砂壶艺史上的一件重要的事情。茶论里说:"壶供真茶，正在新泉活火，旋沦旋啜，以尽色声香味之蕴，故壶宜小不宜大，宜浅不宜深，壶盖宜盎不宜砥，汤力茗香。"与时大彬同时代或稍晚的李茂林、李仲芳、惠孟臣都迎合时代的风尚制作小壶。 时大彬的铭款，运刀成字，书法娴雅。著录还记载大彬壶有一个独特标志，是壶盖与壶身吻合，手抓壶盖，能连壶并起，见《阳羡名陶录》卷下引张燕昌《阳羡陶说》。时大彬时代的紫砂器，因原料中杂有硇砂--天然存在的氯化铵，烧成后器身呈现金色点，吴骞《阳羡名陶录》上也注意了这一特征:"壶之土色，自供春而下及时大初年，皆细土淡墨色，上有银沙闪点，迨硇砂和制，谷绉周身，珠粒隐隐，更自夺目。"时大彬的作品，据同时代的王士祯在《池北偶谈》中说，问世的年代已"知名海外"，陈贞慧《秋园杂佩》也写道:"即遐陬绝域犹知之";周高起更曾有"茗壶奔走天下半"的颂称;连当时的通俗文学作品中都有描述，崇祯元年尚友堂刊本的《初刻拍案惊奇》第二回，描写汪锡的室内陈设;"壁间纸画周之晚，桌上砂壶时大彬。"可惜的是，这"千载一时"(清吴骞语)的茗壶，在李景康和张虹的《阳羡砂壶图考》著述中，也不过十六件。今天，我们能够见到若干实物和图片著录，虽有大彬名款，但确能定为真品者为数实少。所幸近年的考古发现为我们提供了珍贵的资料，大有助于考证鉴定，此点下文将进一步论述。 时大彬之后最著名的制过大家是清代康、雍时期的陈远。陈远号鸣远，又号 一技之能，间世特出"，甚至供春、时大彬也"无以远为"他。壶隐。吴骞说他，" 他与杨中讷、曹廉让、马思赞等文人学士相交，制作的茶具雅玩不下几十种，款式书法有晋唐风格。他所制作瓜果式器具，如束柴三友壶，伏蝉叶形碟，梅干笔搁，仿竹段臂搁及清供果子六款(荸荠，茨菇、菱角、板栗、核桃、花生)等，精巧逼真，楚楚有致，当时推为绝作。在他之前有陈子畦(崇祯诗人)善制石榴、螃蟹等像生物品，或传是陈远的父亲，但年岁不甚相当。李景康、张红的著录中，陈远虽只有十件作品，但他实开有清一代紫砂工艺的新局面，只是象晨星临空，闪烁比较孤单。 清代乾、嘉时期的陈鸿寿(1768-1822年)，号曼生，浙江钱塘人。他同黄易、奚冈、赵之琛等并称"西泠八家"，文学、书画、篆刻都精好。他在宜兴任过三年县宰，喜爱紫砂，曾手绘十八壶式，请杨彭年及其弟宝年、其妹凤拭上等按式制作。所制壶底多钤"阿曼陀室"铭款。把下有"彭年"印章。他们合作署名的茗壶?quot;曼生壶"见称与世。"曼生壶"着重于壶身取平面，面上镌刻书来铭款。作铭款的，除陈曼生本人外，多是他幕中友人江听香、郭频迦、高爽泉、查梅史等。文人、士大夫、收藏家参与紫砂器的设计和制作从明末开始，项元汴、赵宦光、董其昌、陈继儒、宋荦等人都热心于此。而将紫砂茗壶与诗书画印艺术相结合的风气，是经陈曼生之手开拓广大的，这种风气在当时及以后一直格外引人注目。陈曼生对宜兴陶业的振兴，有非常大的贡献。 第11页;共58页 据说，"曼生壶"不下几千件。罗桂祥藏品有刻"茗壶第一千三百七十九频迦识"铭文的，现藏香港茶具文物馆。《阳羡砂壶图考》中著录的一件，壶腹?quot;曼公督造茗壶第四千六百十四"等字，现似归上海博物馆藏。实际上，果有这么多的制品，绝难于杨彭年、杨宝年、杨凤年等少数人之手。近年尚发现一些"曼生壶"上，有其他工匠的铭款。 紫砂高手中，还应当提到清代道光、咸丰间的邵大亨。关于大亨其人，文献记载甚少，然从其传世作品巧妙的构思、精美的工艺、饱满流畅的线条看，确非一般陶工可比。他的作品对后世有相当的影响。 (四) 紫砂器生产的工序大致如下: 原料的准备，包括挖泥、炼泥和选料。矿中挖出的硬块状的泥料经过捣碎、过筛、澄滤，所得细土下窖储藏，叫作"养土"。 紫砂器成型的主要方法是手工捏作。先捏器身，然后挖足、开面，最后加柄、嘴、盖等。从明代至清康熙年间，多用捏作的方法;清雍正、乾隆时期出现了大量的模制产品。嘉靖、道光年间，陈曼生重介古法，又盛行捏作/李啼兼、张虹说得好:"就印模与捏造而论，印模之法易精，在工业为进步;捏造之法难精，在技能为绝诣。故印模之法便于信仿行，捏造之法则庸工不易措手也。名家之壶俱以捏造见长，坐是故耳。" 早期的制坯工具主要是一种竹刀，后来逐步增添了木、角、石、金属等质料的工具，并用陶轮来拉坯和修坯。到清代，工具有十多种，包括椎、碓、镖、钗，有圭形、笏形、贝形、肾形、月形、蝎尾形等多种形状。 制好的坯要经过细致的修整，有些器物再加装饰。装饰方法有:贴花--堆塑山水、花草、人物、鸟兽等纹饰;绘写--以氧化铝、氧化铁或氧化镁等到为呈色剂，在素坯上绘画写字;雕刻--在坯体上以阴文刻出书画。紫砂一般不上釉，也有少量用釉装饰的，大件采用泼釉法，小件采取浸釉法。一般单色釉上一次，彩绘器上两次。 器坯阴干后装匣体进窑烧制。传统方法烧制紫砂器的窑是"龙窑"，即头低尾高的斜式窑。龙窑一般长达四十米，每隔一米为一节，烧炉在头部，燃料为木柴和柴草。窑背两侧各有五十个烧火眼，从烧火眼投入燃料。窑身两旁，每隔四到五米辟一个进出口，从这里装坯、取器。每窑需以1100?C到1200?C的窑温烧四十到四十二小时;烧成后，停十五到二十四小时，再开窑取器。用龙窑烧制，窑工很辛苦。现在紫砂厂已经改用烧重油的新式窑炉，既节省人力，又提高了烧造质量。 紫砂器烧成后还要磨光上蜡，上蜡是紫砂特有的工序。彩绘的紫砂器，需经过两次装烧。还有在烧成的紫砂上施加特殊装饰的。清代道光年间，出现了包锡的工艺，但由于技术复杂，未能延续。还有抛光包铜的工艺，包铜多见于壶嘴头、 第12页;共58页 口盖的边缘等部位。金银丝镶嵌是新的装饰工艺，吸取木器、漆器的装饰手法，先在泥坯上将纹饰图案刻成凹槽，烧成后将金银丝嵌入槽内，敲实、磨平。 (五) 紫砂器多为传世品，加以后代不断仿造，鉴定真伪存在不少困难。地下出土物，特别是出自纪年墓的陪葬品，对鉴定传世紫砂器，可以起到很好的比较作用。综合近年来看到的材料，出土紫砂器可列表如下: 年代确切可靠的地下出土物可以起标尺的作用。以对时大彬的研究为例，上表中款署"大彬"和"时大彬制"的有四件，除清代墓所出一件外，其余三件分别出于明万历四十年、四十四年和崇祯二年墓中。 除孔尚任藏品，收藏者本人认为铭款"戊午年日时大彬制"八字，"时字与日字连，可疑?quot;以外，没有见到收藏者提出疑问的。这些茗壶上起万历二十四年，下迄崇祯二年，前后三十三年。假定时大彬二十岁创作精力最旺盛的时期。福建漳浦庐维祯墓出土"时大彬制"底款圆壶，盖上具鼎足，同出器物有墓志、银腰带、青华小罐和砚台等。庐维祯生于嘉靖二十二年(1543年)，隆庆二年(1568年)登进士，先后任吏部验封主事、考功文选主事、验封郎中、考功文选郎中，于万历三十八年(1610年)墓出土"大彬"款六方壶，有砖刻地券一方伴出。无锡县甘露乡出土"大彬"款三足圆壶的崇祯二年(1629年)墓，墓主人华涵莪是明翰林院侍读学士华察之孙，有族谱可查。这几件壶似可认作可靠的标准器。张叔未说，时大彬在顺治十八年(1661年)时年岁已老。照上述假定推算，这时他已高年八十有五，时大彬壶未见晚至此时的年款，是合乎情理的。传世的时大彬壶，不论有无年款，如能借鉴出土的标准器作具体的考察，当可得到比较可靠的鉴定。 地下出土物还有更多的资料价值。上海金山县出土的"曼生壶"，盖内钤阳文篆书"万泉"印。同样的印曾见于同治甲戌(1874年)广陵花虎卿制提梁圆壶的盖内。 (六) 对紫砂器的收藏和著述开始于明代。明天启年间周高起的《阳羡茗壶系》，是第一部关于宜兴紫砂的专著，记载了当时的制壶名手三十人和他们的部分作品。稍后有清乾隆年间吴骞的《阳羡名陶录》，记载了明清陶艺匠人三十九人和他们的部分作品。1878年日本奥三郎兵卫著《茗壶图录》，记载了由他所收藏的茶壶三十二件，有附图及铭款摹本。收藏家和鉴赏家李景康和张虹，一个是"百壶山馆"的主人，一个是"碧山壶馆"的主人，1934年在香港出版《阳羡砂壶图考》上下卷，按年代统系、壶艺列传、土质出产、制工窑火、鉴赏丛话、前贤文翰、时人题咏、名家传器、雅流传器、待考传器、别乘传器、附记传器十二类论列。其壶艺列传，列创始七人、正传三十五人、雅流五十五人、待考三十五人，共计一四五人。下卷图一一三幅。 第13页;共58页 1963年，中华全国工商业联合会编《宜兴陶瓷史》，著录陶艺匠师晋代一人，明代三十八人、清代二十四人、现代十三人，共七十六人。1978年，宜兴陶瓷工业公司编《紫砂陶器造型》，收时大彬、徐友泉、陈鸣远、陈曼生、黄玉麟、杨凤年、邵大亨所制及历代传统造型的壶样二三八种、盆样一O二种、其他十六种，合计三五六种。1981年香港市政局第六届亚洲艺术节学术的宜兴陶艺展览，收明代十五人、清代五十一人、近现代十四人的作品，内有明代二十四件、清代七十九件、近现代十六件。1982年上海人民美术出版社同日本美乃美株氏会社合作出版的《中国陶瓷全集》(日文版)第二十三卷《宜兴紫砂》，由姚迁、蒋赞初编著，收器二二四目，其中壶一五九件，盆三十三件其他六十一件。 香港罗桂祥先生终生收藏和研究紫砂器，藏品捐赠香港市政局，建立了茶具文物馆，目前馆藏已逾千件。1986年，罗氏著《宜兴陶器》(英文片)，为供春、时大彬等陶艺家四十二人立传，旁及二十四人，共六十六人。书末附索引人名或单位四三一条，全书收器共二四四件，可算空前完备了。罗氏在紫砂器的徒刑和款识研究方面诸多心得，归纳出若干带规律性的结论。他认为不同时期款识的特征是:万历年间，以欧体、楷书刻于壶底;明清之际，刻名与印章并用;康熙以后，刻字减少，壶底用印外，或于盖内，把下盖印。罗氏还研究了紫砂器的分期问题，他将历史上的紫砂器他为明初及以前、明代、清代早期、十九世纪早期至二十世纪四个时期。 美国旧金山市亚洲美术博物馆的谢瑞华，1981年著有《宜兴陶器人名索引》，因尚未见及，不知收录多少人名。谢瑞华对紫砂的分期有进一步的研究，她将紫砂分为六期: 一、 草创期:十六世纪早期以前。羊角山出土的紫砂残片，是所见最早的实物标本。文献所记这个时期的代表人物，主要是正德年间的金沙寺僧人和供春。 二、 第一期，十六世纪晚期到十七世纪早期。这个时期名家辈出，壶式千姿百态，特别注重盘纹器的制作。这种风气延续到十八世纪以后。 三、 第二期，十七世纪晚期到十八世纪末，自然形壶、几何形壶、筋纹形壶和小圆壶(它是后世水平壶的前身)这四类壶型都有烧造，筋纹形壶开始被自然形壶所取代，自然形壶受欢迎。同时较注重器面的装饰，更多在器面施釉或加彩装饰。 四、 第三期，十九世纪初到十九世纪末。这个时期文人同陶艺匠人交往甚密，出现了在壶上镌刻书画的风尚。壶的造型比较简练，为在壶的平面上施展才华提供了更大的自由。 五、 第四期，十九世纪末到二十世纪中叶。紫砂的生产更为商业化，壶上开始印有店号标志。自然形、几何形、筋纹形和水平形四类茗壶大量产销，精心制作的艺术性高的壶减少，但也不乏佳作的出现。 六、 第五期，二十世纪中叶至今。战乱多年以后，生产逐步恢复，四类壶型续有生产，新的品种日渐产生，仿古和创新兼备，在装饰上出现金丝银丝镶嵌等新工艺。 中国硅酸盐学会，曾组织专家对紫砂原料和紫砂标本的化学组成，显微结构 第14页;共58页 及物理特征等，做了一系列的研究工作。宜兴陶瓷工业公司对紫砂生产的方法技术做了科学的总结。指出紫砂器主要采取泥片镶接的手工方法成型，圆形和方形器分别用打身筒和镶身筒方法制作，因而器形高矮，曲直变化随意，壶可制成四方、六方、侧角、合梅、菊花等多种形状，结构严谨，口盖紧密，平面开拓充分，线条交代清晰。 在陶瓷史研究的领域内，有过四种不同的方法。一是器物的使用者和收藏者，抱着一种欣赏的态度，认识对象、取得知识，着重文献研究，这是古董家的方法;二是从陈万里开始，在全国范围内开展窑址的考古普查和重点发掘，通过地下出土物进行研究，这是近代考古学家的方法;三是从周仁开始，对陶瓷碎片标本进行微观的和岩相显微的观察，作定性定量的测试，找出不同时代使用材料的规律，不认识对象的特征，这是硅酸盐学者采用的科学方法;四是以现代工艺厂为作业基地，依靠工艺技师和艺术家，进行工艺和生产全过程的考察，从而推知其历史。我们知道，历史可以作顺向考察，也可以作逆向考察。人体解剖对于猴体解剖是一把钥匙，低等级动物身上表露的高等动物的征兆，只有在高等动物已被认识之后才能理解。对紫砂器的研究，把这四种方法尽可能结合起来进行，一定会获得更多更新的成果 浅叙紫砂泥料<<荣德堂>> 紫砂泥料分为紫泥、朱砂泥、本山绿泥等三种，而以紫泥为主。 三种泥料皆可单独成陶，又能互相掺合配制成不同色调～ 由矿里采掘而来的泥料，外观类似岩石，不能用水直接膨润，经陈腐后能风化成细碎的颗粒。 传统的加工方法是用石磨碾碎过筛，加水拌和后经人工翻复捶炼直至达到理想的可塑性制成成品泥～ 现在是采用拋球式雷蒙粉碎机粉碎，过筛后加水拌和经真空练泥机制成成品泥～ 宜兴紫砂壶驰誉于国际，一直是收藏家的最爱。朱-泥、红泥、紫泥、绿、缎、黑铁砂其统称为紫砂。因紫砂质地好，其烧制成器后，它的吸水率和排气率适中，用来泡茶，色、香、味俱佳;紫砂茶壶在洗涤时，冷热急变性好，不易爆裂，不易爆裂，比一般陶瓷器更适于用作茶具。紫砂壶之美，除了独特造型美外，还有其裸露在外的特有的肌理线条和材质色泽美。 紫砂泥包括紫砂、红泥、本山绿泥(缎泥)三种，统称『紫砂泥』。 紫、红、黄三种基泥， 由于矿区、矿层的不同，加工过程的差异，以及培烧时温度等诸因素，其发色变幻莫测，变化微妙，巧夺天工。 【晒泥与陈腐】 晒泥:把开采出来的紫砂泥矿，露天曝晒，任凭日晒风吹雨淋，因刚开采出来的紫砂泥矿，其硬无比，性质刚烈，须露天曝晒，任凭日晒风吹雨淋自然风化瓦解，风化时间越久越好。 第15页;共58页 陈腐:开采后的紫砂泥矿，经晒泥、筛选、辗碎、收集泥粉、过筛、和水搅拌、真空成条、把紫砂泥矿炼制成熟泥后，放置在阴湿的地方，需保持一定温度和湿度，不令干燥，湿泥经过陈腐，成为「腐泥」。让水份均匀分布，使泥料腐化，有机物质分解产生胶质，这种方法就是「养土」。 养土的好处:可提高可塑性，减少在成型过程和生坏阴干时的开裂，其烧制成器后表皮结晶温润日久使用，渐露锋芒，养成变化甚大。 【赵庄山朱泥】 石黄嫩泥是从宜兴市丁山赵庄山石黄嫩泥矿中精选出来的嫩泥原料，内含二氧化硅、石英等多种特殊天然矿物成份. 【红 泥】 红泥在早期是最常用之泥料，为江苏宜兴黄龙山红泥原矿提练而成;当时因矿脉里铁质成份较高、所生产的茶壶会产生火疵、小熔点，新壶初用，茶汤略现砂气，，经使用壶身展现出朱红，泡茶鋉数日则如朱泥. 矿区:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山 窑温:约1100度C / 收缩比:约13% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列)、铁观音(中焙火或重焙火系列) 、普洱茶各种系列 【缎 泥】 缎泥，早期最常见通用之泥料，为江苏宜兴黄龙山(本山绿泥原矿提练而成;泥料内所含颗粒较大结构疏松器身明显成双气孔结构，空气对流顺畅; 吐黑";近期来所早期泥料调配跟早期窑炉所升温度较低温，在一般缎泥产品会"用窑炉为高温窑，所烧成之缎泥壶，可轻易提升至所须温度，而真正达到较高的结晶，极少吐黑. 矿区:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山 窑温:约1150度C / 收缩比:约13% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 【黑 铁 砂】 黑铁砂，为早期最常见通用之泥料之一;为江苏宜兴黄龙山原矿提练再加入锰而成，当时因矿脉里铁质成份较高、所生产的茶壶会产生火疵、小熔点，新壶初用砂土气重，茶汤略现砂气，经使用壶身展现出灰黑，泡茶鋉数日则如墨黑。 矿区:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山 窑温:约1130度C / 收缩比约12% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列)特好、铁观音(中焙火或重焙火系列) 、普洱茶各种系列 【大 红 袍】 由宜兴市洑东乡西面，在任途村与红卫村交介处小煤窑矿区，所开采的夹层嫩泥。含氧化铁，在炼泥过程加入天然铁红粉提升红色，经过窑烧会变成大红色，泥质细腻密度高、高结晶，泡茶柔顺好喝。 第16页;共58页 矿区:宜兴市洑东乡西面 窑温:约1040度C / 收缩比:约45-55% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 特好、铁观音(中焙火或重焙火系列) 、普洱茶各种系列 【兰山朱泥 又称小红泥】 由宜兴市洑东乡东面的矿区所开采的嫩泥，因含大量的氧化铁经过窑烧会变成朱红色(又称小红泥)，泥质细腻密度高高结晶跟一般红泥含矿量不同泥质较多。 矿区:江苏宜兴市洑东乡 窑温:约1080度C / 收缩比:约20-28% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列)特好、 铁观音(中焙火或重焙火系列) 特好、普洱茶各种系列特好 【紫 茄 泥】 紫茄泥，紫茄色泽温润讨喜。泥性:黏性佳，含石英、云母、铁量高，在黄龙山脉紫砂中挑选提炼出来的特殊紫砂泥矿，泥色:茄紫胎骨坚润。 矿区:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山脉。 窑温:约1150-1200度C / 收缩比:约12% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 特好、 铁观音(中焙火或重焙火系列) 特好、普洱茶各种系列特好 【墨 绿 泥】 紫砂泥色配比之一。将着色金属氧化物氧化钴、氧化锰，加入本山绿泥中配制而成的一种紫砂色泥。经烧成后， 呈深绿色至墨绿色，墨绿泥呈色的深浅，随氧化钴、氧化锰加入量的多少而定。 窑温:约1150度C / 收缩比:约15% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 【拼 紫 泥】 拼紫泥，是用不同泥调配而成，简称"拼紫泥"也称调和泥为较常用的紫砂泥料，烧成呈棕色，在市场接受接受度很高的泥料。泥性:稳定性特佳，容易掌控，结构紧密，可广泛利用，成型相对容易。 矿区:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山。 窑温:约1150~1200度C / 收缩比:约11% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 、 普洱茶各种系列 【清 水 泥】 清水泥，为原矿紫砂，赤铁矿、云母多早期较常见的泥料，被广泛使用。泥性:容易掌握，稳定性高。(清水泥概念应用甚广，稍后真品论坛专贴论说) 矿产地:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山。 窑温:约1150度C / 收缩比:约11% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 、 普洱茶各种系列 第17页;共58页 【底 槽 青】 底槽青，为原矿紫砂，由于产于紫砂最底层，质地特纯，泥质细腻、成色娇艳，呈紫红色，在近代制壶名家广泛使用。 矿区:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山系四号井 窑温:约1170度C / 收缩比:约11% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 【黄 龙 山 石 黄】 黄龙山石黄，开产于黄龙山的嫩泥矿，近代用来做朱泥壶的原料，嫩泥矿中含砂量重，坊间常用来做仿古朱泥壶。 窑温:约1100度C / 收缩比:约18% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 【铁 星 泥】 铁星泥，此泥料在早期做壶使用较多深紫茄色、色泽温润。泥性:黏性佳，含石英、云母、赤铁矿的含量特别多，所生产的茶壶会产生非常密集的小熔点，器身明显成双气孔结构，空气对流顺畅气孔对流较好。 矿区:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山脉4号井。 窑温:约1150-1200度C / 收缩比:约13% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列) 特好、 铁观音(中焙火或重焙火系列) 特好、普洱茶各种系列特好 【黑 星 紫 砂】黑星砂，此泥料在早期做壶使用较多，浅棕色含细黑色颗粒、色泽温润讨喜，矿中极品。泥性:黏性佳，含石英、云母、赤铁矿的含量特别多，所生产的茶壶会产生非常密集的小熔点，器身明显成双气孔结构，空气对流顺畅气孔对流较好;冲泡使用，渐露锋芒，养成变化甚大为养壶之最佳教材在，黄龙山脉紫砂中挑选提炼出来的特殊紫砂泥矿，泥色:浅棕色，此种泥料非常难得稀有，泡茶好喝，评价特好。 矿区:江苏宜兴丁山黄龙山脉4号井。 窑温:约1150度C / 收缩比:约11% 适合冲泡:乌龙茶生茶(轻焙火系列)特好、普洱茶各种系列 宜兴紫砂陶土矿源探究 2003 年 1 月在丁蜀镇镇中心文化广场大水潭边上 , 矗立起一座将近 3 米高的紫砂雕塑“始陶异僧”。这里是传说中带来“富贵土”的高僧消失之处，几百年来，在黄龙山山脚旁，人们挖出了“土价千金”的富贵土 ------ 紫砂泥。 解放前，紫砂陶土的开挖主要集中在大水潭附近，也就是所谓的正宗紫砂土在黄龙山。紫砂艺人对紫砂土的名称也没有确定的称呼，统称“野山红泥，清泥，底槽青等”这是因为以前开挖时条件简陋，像小煤窑的坑道式，只能容一个人通过，碰到“龙筋”时只能绕道开挖或回采，在黄龙山上留下了一个个小窟窿。由于开挖面小，条件恶劣，接触到的紫砂陶土品种少 ，即使碰到特殊的品种，量也很小。解放后四号井、五号井等较大的坑道使用，开挖量增多，但紫砂厂用泥时 第18页;共58页 并不太区分。上世纪 90 年代随着“紫砂热”的升温，矿上开始细分矿源。现在采用的露天开挖，使得一些稀少品种大量出现，其它地方如湖滏、长兴也出现类似黄龙山紫砂泥矿的原料，并得到大量的替代使用。根据前人的研究及对照矿标，可以确定:紫砂陶土是甲泥矿层中的一个夹层，而甲泥是一种以紫色为主的杂色粉砂质粘土，属粉砂质沉积岩。沉积岩形成于地表或接近于地表，岩石颗粒经过风、流水、冰川的搬运，然后沉积于陆地、河、湖以及海洋环境:如海滩、三角洲、海底，通常其可以顺层剥离，具有各种各样的成层构造和层面构造，而且一般含有化石。粉砂质沉积岩中主要成分是石英，其次是长石和云母。 由于地壳运动，构造带发生扭曲、断裂，故而在开挖中成“穴状”出现。古人由于科学知识的局限，只能叹道:“出土诸土，其穴往往善徒，有素产于此，忽又他穴得之者，实山灵有以司之，然皆深入数十丈乃得。” 黄龙山现在一般矿源有以下一些叫法。(见附表) 名称 原名 泥色 烧成后颜色 紫泥 青泥 偏紫红、天青色 暗红色 底槽青 底槽青 紫色 深紫红色 红皮龙 野山红泥 红褐色 红色 白皮龙 绿中带白无光泽 灰黄色 本山绿泥绿色 绿色脂润有光泽 黄色 红麻子 紫泥中带有白色斑点、鸡眼 红色中有黄色麻点 白麻子 近近白龙皮绿中有紫色斑点 青黄色有紫红麻点 乌泥 黑色 耐火高 矿源在地下几种分布情况分四种表所示 剖面 1 剖面 2 表层土 表层土 黄石夹层中有红色 黄石 夹泥(甲泥) 红皮龙、野山红泥 乌泥 青夹(绿色老块) 老夹片 底槽青和紫泥 白(红)麻子 夹泥 夹泥 剖面 3 剖面 4 龙骨 黄石 本山绿泥 白皮龙 黑墩头 夹泥 夹泥 根据我们的了解，得到以下几个新的想法: 一、一般人们一直认为本山绿泥是紫砂泥层中的夹脂，称为“泥中泥”。现 第19页;共58页 在根据采挖剖面我们知道，本山绿泥，是龙骨与黑墩头之间的一层矿泥，而不是所谓紫泥夹层。根据成分分析，其含铁量较少，且以 Fe 离子为主，故其矿物呈暗绿色，烧成后呈黄色。由于其石英含量高，颜色浅，故矿物有油脂一样的光泽属于一种完全解理矿物，其产量非常少，只有薄薄的一层。 二、黄龙山也产红泥，在黄石的夹层中，虽量很少，但烧成温度与普通紫泥一样，远远高于赵庄红泥(也就是平时我们所说的紫砂红泥)，且其表面质感与紫泥完全一样。其工艺性能:可塑性、触变性、干燥、烧成、收缩等也与紫泥大致相同。根据笔者小样试验，也适合用于手工拍打成型。这也是解释了为什么历史上曾出现较大造型的红泥茶壶。(根据艺人的经验，赵庄红泥、川埠红泥不适合做大件红泥作品，只能做一些较小的类似于水平壶的作品。) 品名 烧成温度 颜色 质感 原料颜色、状态 黄龙山红泥 1180 红色 有颗粒 红色、细粉砂岩 赵庄红泥 1100 红偏黄 细腻 黄色属页岩 三、所谓有争议的天青色的问题: 明周高起在 ?阳羡茗壶系?中说到天青泥“出自蠡墅，陶之变黯肝色”，而有些人认为烧出来的茶壶颜色像天青色，才是天青色的颜色。 根据与采矿人的交流，我认为天青色是紫泥中的一个品种，是龙骨上的一个夹层，只是较嫩而已。其依据是确实有象天兰青颜色一样的矿源出现，其烧出来的颜色确实呈暗红色，也就是“黯肝色”;其二，泥料的称谓一般都是开挖的人叫出来的，他们的文化素养决定他们不可能象文化人那样浪漫，是比较直接，直观，泥像什么颜色，就称什么颜色;其三，根据分析紫砂泥中显色元素主要为铁，含量较少的元素如锰、铜等烧成过程中不可能呈现近似天青的颜色。 紫砂矿属粉砂质沉积岩，以硅、铝、铁为主，尤其在紫泥中以石英、高岭土、赤铁矿和云母为主。前一段紫砂炒作中，台湾收藏者在收藏的迷茫中无法确定紫砂茶壶的真正价值，只能根据工业产品标准来衡量一把茶壶的好坏。这其中包括泥料好坏 ----纯度。在坯体上不能出现黑色杂质、云母片(银星)。为了适合消费者的口味，泥料加工者发明了泥浆冲砂法，其实这是一个误区。从紫泥泥料的组成成分中我们看出，真正的紫砂泥必须含有少量的云母(银星闪点)，偶而也会出现黑色斑点，黑色斑点是Fe或Mn等金属化合物的聚合不熔物，不出现这些特征反而说明此种原料不是手工磨制或正常机制的，而是用了泥浆冲砂法，或用其它含云母少的矿源来替代的,是一种人为的故意的对自然材质的自然美的破坏。另外，由于沉积岩中常含有化石，以CaCO3为主的化石在高温烧成中变成了熟石灰，冲泡中吸水膨胀产生了所谓的灰爆即茶壶表面的瑕疵点。这在泥料中是很常见的现象，也是紫砂泥料的一个缺陷。 紫砂泥料的陈腐 泥料的陈腐亦称陈化，古名养土，俗称困料、困泥。即储泥。 紫砂矿泥加工工序之一。 第20页;共58页 开采后的紫砂矿泥，经翻晒、粉碎、风化、研磨、过筛、和水拌匀，制成约宽六寸、长一尺之湿泥块，放入不透日光、不通空气荫暗潮湿处(地窖)，需保持一定温度和湿度，贮存起来，以改善泥料之性能。 湿泥经慢慢陈腐，成为“腐泥”。其水份得到均匀分布，以利 坯料氧化，有机物质可得到充分分解 (腐烂)。 经陈腐之矿泥 : 1.可提高、增强可塑性 2.可减少成型和干燥时开裂。泥料陈腐时间愈长，所制陶器质量愈好。我国古代陶瓷制作中，认为储泥陈腐是一个部骤，陈腐时间大多在一年以上。老泥、新泥其实是不少壶友存在的一个误区。 紫砂的形成到今天都是经过了千万年甚至上亿年的时间了，都可以说是老泥。 平常所说的新泥、老泥只是在陈腐期上区别而已。 泥料的陈腐期某种程度上来说是越久越好，但在制壶前需重新回炼一下。 陈腐期久的泥料色泽相对于陈腐期短的泥料要温润，可塑性要高一点。感觉没有那么硬。陈腐期短的泥制好的壶无水色，较难看。 陈腐期长的有水色，较好看，经过泡养，温润凝重，不作任何加工，入手便光润古雅，可比三代铜器。 第21页;共58页 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 第22页;共58页 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 第23页;共58页 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 第24页;共58页 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 第25页;共58页 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 第26页;共58页 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 第27页;共58页 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 第28页;共58页 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 第29页;共58页 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 第30页;共58页 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 第31页;共58页 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 第32页;共58页 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 第33页;共58页 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 第34页;共58页 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 第35页;共58页 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 第36页;共58页 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 第37页;共58页 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 第38页;共58页 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 第39页;共58页 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 第40页;共58页 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 第41页;共58页 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 第42页;共58页 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 第43页;共58页 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 第44页;共58页 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 第45页;共58页 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 第46页;共58页 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 第47页;共58页 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 第48页;共58页 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 第49页;共58页 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 第50页;共58页 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 第51页;共58页 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 第52页;共58页 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 第53页;共58页 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 第54页;共58页 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 第55页;共58页 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 第56页;共58页 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 第57页;共58页 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 第58页;共58页