铅酸蓄电池原理

铅酸蓄电池原理 密封阀控式铅酸蓄电池原理简介 要想很好的对密封阀控式铅酸蓄电池进行维护，首先要了解它的原理，以便于有的放矢。1860年法国人普兰特(G.Plante)将中间用橡胶条隔开的两块铅皮浸在稀硫酸中经过正向反向地反复充电，所得的产品能以比当时任何一次电池更大的电流放电，这就是世界上第1个铅酸蓄电池。铅酸蓄电池经过100多年的发展，已有各种类型和各种用途的专用电池，但不论何种铅酸蓄电池，其原理都是一致的。 在正极上: PbO2+4H++SO42-+2e ? PbSO4+2H2O ……. ? 在负极上: Pb+ SO42- ? PbSO4 +2e ….......? 从整体上看，蓄电池放电反应方程式为: PbO2+ Pb + 2H2SO4 ? 2 PbSO4 + 2H2O ……..? 此反应为放出能量的过程，只要条件具备，可快速自发地进行。二氧化铅和铅作为活性物质分别存在于正负极上，其放电反应后分别在正负极上生成了硫酸铅，所以称此为双极硫酸盐化理论。反应过程中释放出能量(电能和热能)。蓄电池充电反应方程式即?~?的逆反应。 上世纪70年代，创制出了第1个贫液式结构的密封阀控式铅酸蓄电池。密封阀控式铅酸蓄电池以其少维护、安全、清洁等特点迅速在各个领域被使用。在我国从上世纪90年代初开始，密封阀控式铅酸蓄电池迅速代替开口式蓄电池占领绝大部分市场。密封阀控式铅酸蓄电池实现其密封的原理是，当电池充电开始产生气体后，从正极析出的氧气到达负极，在负极上发生化合反应，方程式如下: 在正极上: H2O ?1/2O2 +2H+ + 2e ….. ….? 在负极上: PbSO4 +2e ? Pb+SO42- …..….? 在负极上: Pb+ 1/2O2 +2H++ SO42- ? PbSO4+H2O …..….? 从以上反应原理可以看出，蓄电池在正常充放电时，内部电解液会发生分解,化合循环反应，这样可以保证电解液不会损失。但要想实现这个原理，还要注意一点，电池在充入电解液板要保to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides 持有约10%的孔隙不被电解液所占，正极生成的氧气才能通过这部分孔隙到达负极而被时内部隔吸收。 实现电池的密封的同时还要考虑到电池出现过充电时如何保护电池。因而密封电池使用了安全阀。蓄电池正常充放电时内部气体被吸收，安全阀处于密封状态，避免外部大气中氧气进入与负极铅反应。如电池出现过充电时，如因内部气体产生速度过快来不及被吸收，气压上升到开阀压时安全阀打开排出气体，避免电池遭受破坏。 如何维护才能保证密封阀控式铅酸蓄电池的寿命和最佳性能 通过以上原理简介可以了解到，密封阀控式铅酸蓄电池内部的活性物质和电解液是按一定比例组装好的，并且为了保证气体密封反应的需要，电解液处于相对“贫乏”的状态。所以要保证密封阀控式蓄电池的寿命和性能，就要保证极板上活性物质的充分利用，避免电池因过充电、高温等造成电解液的损失。从以下几方面着手加强维护可以从一定程度上保证蓄电池的性能和寿命。 1 工作温度 根据生产厂家提供的技术资料看，电池在25?环境下可获得较长的寿命和较好的放电性能。根据厂家提供的资料，电池的环境温度每增加10?，电池的寿命会缩短一倍，即设计寿命为10年的电池，在35?环境下使用，寿命只能达到5年。寿命加速损耗推断的原理如下:作为备用电池使用的密封阀控式蓄电池其寿命主要由正极板受腐蚀的程度决定。由于正极板腐蚀也是电化学反应，其反应速度与温度的关系一般可描述为温度每升高10?，腐蚀速度提高1倍。因此可用高温条件下相对缩短的寿命时间试验来推算常温时电池寿命。据此原理，蓄电池使用温度在一定范围内越低越好。但是使用环境温度低于25?的时候，对电池寿命没有影响，电池容量却会受到影响，据我国通信行业YD/T799-2002，电池放电时如不是25?，则需将实测容量按以下公式进行换算为25?基准温度时的容量: 换算容量Ce= 实测容量CR 1，K(t-25?) K,温度系数(10、3、1HR分别为0.006、0.008、0.010) 从上式中可以看出，环境温度t越低，电池放出的容量越少。下图为某电池容量与温度关系曲线: to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides 从上图可以看出，电池以0.1CA放电时，25?能放出100%容量，但在0?时只能放出80%容量。蓄电池放电容量受温度影响，主要是由于温度越低蓄电池放电时离子移动慢、内阻增加、电化学反应速度慢，蓄电池放电到规定电压时，温度低时放电时间短，表现为容量偏低。据此原理，蓄电池使用温度在一定范围内越高越好。 如何调和蓄电池的寿命和放电性能这一对矛盾，最好在基站安装空调，并保证环境温度在20~25?之间，就即可以保证寿命又可以保证放电性能了。在没有条件安装空调的基站，至少安装通风设施，保证夏季的降温，以最大程度的延长电池寿命。 2 浮充电压 阀控式铅酸蓄电池的浮充电压设定很重要，应根据厂家提供的设定，如某一厂家规定单体电池浮充电压为2.23V，则48V组电池浮充电压应设定为2.23 V/单体×24单体=53.5V。在实际设定时要注意一个问题，53.5V应该是从电池组正负极输出端子上测定的电压，而不是电源柜上的设定电压，其中的差别有电源柜到电池组输出端子的电压降和电源柜本身的输出误差，所以在电池开通或电池组调整电压时，一定要用电压表测量电池组正负极输出端子上的电压，避免因电压设定不准确造成电池的过充或充电不足。 浮充电压设定时，还要考虑到的一个因素是温度补偿系数，一般厂家规定是-3mV/ ?/单体(以25?为基准)，48V组电池温度补偿系数为-3×24=-72mV/?/组，即温度每升高1?，电池组的浮充电压降低72mV。这样温度采样点的选取至关重要，它直接关系到补偿效果。温度采样点有3处，室温、电槽表面温度、电池内部温度。室温最容易采集，但若蓄电池因某种原因温度迅速升高，很难引起附近空气温度也迅速变化，所以此种采样基本无效;电池内部温度虽然最真实，但一般无法实现;所以最宜采用监测电槽表面温度。 to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides 3 实际可用容量确定 蓄电池作为通信基站的备用电源，其目的是在市电停电后，能继续提供电能保持通信设备的继续正常运行;若电池不能提供足够容量，支持足够时间，就只能启用柴油发电机或造成掉站等事故，所以选择合适的电池容量是至关重要的。在电池实际使用过程中常存在这样一个问题，按厂家提供的容量说明电池可以备用较长时间，但实际只到2/3或更短时间就因电池组电压低而下电，其中原因举例说明如下:某基站使用2组500AH电池，设备负载电流100A，市电停电后相当于每组电池以50A(0.1CA)放电，根据厂家说明，电池以0.1CA放电，应能支持10H才能说容量合格。这其中有一个关键问题应注意到:厂家说明书中规定的电池以0.1CA放电， 终止电压为1.8V时，能支持10H;但基站使用电池的一次下电电压一般设定为47V/组，到这个电压值后，只允许电池用约3A的电流供应给传输设备。即47/24=1.958V/只，这个电压远高于1.8V，下图为某厂家新电池的10HR放电曲线: 从图上看，电池到1.8V时间要10.1H，但到1.958V只有7.5H，之间相差2.6H，所以在计算备用时间时应注意到此点。 4 均衡充电 近几年来，随着国内经济的快速发展，很多地区供电形势的日趋紧张，市电停电或用电限制的现象越来越多，所以作为备用的蓄电池放电次数越来越多，为使电池及时快速地充满电，保证to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides 电池性能和寿命，应该对蓄电池提高充电电压进行均衡充电，如下:均衡充电电压一般设定为2.30,2.35V/只，即55.2,56.4 V/48V组。停电?3次/月的，若开关电源只能设定定时均,浮充转换，则设定每次停电电池放电后均衡充电16,24小时;若开关电源只能设定定电流均,浮充转换，则设定均衡充电电流降至0.003C10A后转浮充，例如:48V500AH双配/基站均衡充电电流降至3A时，转为浮充;48V500AH单配/基站，均充电流降至1.5A时，转为浮充。停电<3次/月的，可以不设定每次停电后的均衡充电，可以只设定每30天均衡充电10小时。以上均衡充电数据仅是以某型号蓄电池为例，具体使用时的均衡充电参数可由蓄电池厂家提供。 结论 员，只有理解设备的原理，在工作中真正掌握设备的特性，并针对不同厂家设备采用适宜的维护手段，才能保证设备的正常运行和最佳性能的实现及寿命的延长。 以上仅将实际工作中总结的几条经验，电池环境温度影响、浮充电压保证、电池实际容量确定、均衡充电等方面做了简单介绍，以供同行参考。 to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides