不同组织文化管理的印象管理策略

不同组织文化管理的印象管理策略 Different organization culture affects employees in the perception and performance, and individual take different impression management tactics will affect its support in the organization. Perception is the process of perceiving and perceiving things to the surroundings. Perceptual affect what we "see" things, two people with different perception (mental model) to observe the same thing, will have different description, because their focus is different, so will make observation of "selective". What is impression management Impressions usually refer to what people think of others. In this sense, the impression contains the salient features of our various aspects of the cognitive object, which reflect the general characteristics of the impression. But in most cases, we do not wait until after mastered all the object's characteristics to form impression of it, sometimes you just need to see a person's photo or with him say a few words can form a first impression. In daily life, as a result of the need of communication, we often hope can give each other a good, the right impression, it intends to influence others, to oneself form meet your expectations, the process is known as some kind of impression management. In different situations, people always tend to show different opinion of self to meet in groups, such as in the face of the child and adult, superiors and subordinates, clients and friends, people's behavior is not the same, it embodies the multiplicity of human behavior. As early as the 19th century, the psychologist William. James (William James) in the classic "psychological principle is applied in" the parable of multiple selves (metaphor of multiple selves) "to describe the problem. The first to study the impression management was the sociologist irving. Gove (Erving Goffman, 1959), written in his book "self-presentation in everyday life", points out that exists in people's social interaction in the process of impression management, and guide our behavior, help we expect others to what is our hope. Impression management is a kind of behavior within the organization members commonly used strategy, the aim of such behaviour to strengthen others impression of themselves in order to achieve the intention of the actor. Employees will try to make an impression management behavior for the benefit of the individual or organization, hoping to help the individual and the organization's daily work or operation. For an individual, impression management is a tactical advantages more than disadvantages, can effectively improve the company image and personal status in the organization, and attract the attention and interest of others. According to the impression management of different position, group members can be divided into "performer", "receiver", and "third party" three roles: "performer" is practical for the perpetrators of impression management role; "Receiver" is the goal of the performer of impression management, namely the person directly accept the impression management: "third party" the role of the others to look on coldly, and be able to objectively look at the matter. Schlenker (1981) of impression management is defined as: the performer information control in the eyes of the others to oneself, also is the performer (actor) to influence target audience (target) of the performer's own perception. And Jones (1982) also puts forward the strategic self-expression is defined as: under the influence of growth motive power, by individual design to cause others to their own characteristics to the behavior characteristics of attribution. Jones and Pittman (1982) have an ingratiating, self-promoting, exemplary, pleading, and deterrent five categories of impression management. ingratiation Jones (1965) offers one of the types of impression management tactics: ingratiation. Jones and Pittman (1982) define the use of ingratiation tactics as an act of flattery or helping a target audience, making the target audience more favorable to performers. Ingratiation is one of the most commonly used impressions management strategies. It is also the most studied technique, which was initially thought to be an unethical act in nature. Some scholars, however, are partial to all forms of ingratiation. They point out that in the organization, please, behavior is a common and effective means of social impact, especially lack of compatibility with the organization, it can provide a kind of keeping the harmonious social glue (Ralston, 1995). A man is not necessarily aware of his behavior when he is ingratiating himself. Therefore, some people call it "attraction management". After accepting the views of the parties, Jones reinterpreted the technology and said they wanted to make themselves more popular. Time Management directory 1 what is time management 2 time management methods The latest time management concept -- GTD The eleven golden rules of time management 5 time management case analysis Case 1: talk about the time management of university administrators Case 2: time management small story [3] Case 3: time management - huawei's success story, [4] A few online time management tools 7 references What is time management Time management is the effective use of time and reduces variability. The purpose of time management: deciding what to do; Decide what should not be done. The most important function of time management: to be a reminder and guide through planning. Can't manage external requirements? Inundated with The biggest problem with supervisors is that too much interference from the outside world has to drop the work at hand to do something else. One of the responsibilities of a supervisor is to assemble a lot of people and work together to get a job done together. In other words, there is a big part of the job of the supervisor that needs to interact with others, and interruptions are part of the executive's job. You can be scheduled some time as your work space, when someone is looking for when you need to discuss things temporarily, tell him, are you busy at the moment, don't worry the penis, in your space time to discuss it again. Time management develops quickly, and the first generation is a memorandum of understanding; The second generation requires prior planning and preparation; The third generation will prioritize according to your understanding of the task. In the fourth generation, it was the mandate of the division of labor. Two, do not have method? experience We often do things that we know or intuitively think about, but in fact, it's not the most efficient way to do it. There are many ways to do one thing, and the key is whether you can find the quickest way. Don't just do it without thinking about it. Just take a few minutes to measure how you can do things more efficiently. Three, the surrounding interference factor? self-control Around many interference factors, is the time of the deadly killer, snacks, newspapers, magazines, the noise, beauty products, temperature, security, a sense of direction, atmosphere, sexuality, stress, smoking, lenovo, health, is the influence of many factors. [editing] time management methods (1) planning and administration Plans, plans, weekly plans, monthly plans, quarterly plans, and annual plans. Time management focuses on to-do lists, daily plans, weekly plans, and monthly plans. Todo list: list your daily tasks in advance, prioritize them, confirm your time, and highlight your priorities. To avoid forgetting, avoid giving up halfway and do what you can, and do what you can today. The items that are included in your to-do list: non-daily work, special matters, work in the action plan, items that were not completed yesterday. To-do list use note: in a fixed time every day making to-do list (do) a work, only making a to-do list, do a cross off a to-do list to allow time for emergency, one of the most key, Every day. To make the next annual work plan at the end of each year; At the end of each season, the work plan for the end of the season; Make the monthly work plan at the end of each month; Make weekly work plans weekly (2) the "four quadrant" method of time Famous managerialist covey presents a time management theory, the work carried out in accordance with the degree of importance and emergency of two different division, basically can be divided into four quadrants: is urgent and important, such as personnel crisis, customer complaints, the task of is about to expire, the financial crisis, etc.), important but not urgent (e.g., build relationships, new opportunities, personnel training, to formulate preventive measures, etc.), urgent but not important (e.g., telephone ringing, uninvited, administrative examination, the department in charge of the meeting, etc.), neither urgent or important (e.g., polite gossip, boring letters, personal hobbies, etc.). Time management theory is an important concept should be the main concentration of time and energy to focus on dealing with the important but not urgent work, so that we can do it for a rainy day, nip in the bud. In People's Daily work, they often have the opportunity to plan and do one thing well. But often it is not done in a timely manner, and over time, the quality of work is reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on important, but not urgent, "quadrant" issues. Focus on important, but not urgent, transactions, and you need to schedule time well. A good way is to make an appointment. Make an appointment, and your time will not be occupied by others, and thus effectively work. The important thing in time management How to distinguish between important and unimportant things? Matters that affect the interests of the group; The things that are important to the superiors; The things that affect performance appraisal are important things. Important things are important to organizations and individuals. (major includes both the amount and the nature.) This time management method is often represented as follows: The important and urgent thing is, of course, immediately 2, don't do things that aren't important Do more important but not urgent things (because this is the second quadrant, often referred to as the second quadrant task). Choose to do things that are urgent but not important. (3) effective time management The management scholar Peter Drucker, p. f. Drucker) believes that effective time management is mainly to record their own time, to identify where time consumption; Manage your time and try to reduce unproductive work hours; Focus your own time, in a few moments, and become a continuum. (4) time ABC classification Prioritize your work: a (urgent, important), b (secondary), and c (general); Prioritize the tasks and make a rough estimate of the time and percentage of the work. Recording actual consumption time in work; The daily schedule and the consumption time comparison, the analysis of the time efficiency; Rearrange your schedule and work more effectively. Fifth, consider uncertainty In the process of time management, there are also unexpected uncertainties, because the plan is not changing fast enough to allow time for unexpected events. There are three ways to prevent this from happening: the first is to save extra time for every plan. The second is to try to get the job done in the absence of room and distraction. This is not impossible. In fact, people who work fast are usually more accurate than slow people. The third is another contingency plan. Force yourself to do the work within the allotted time, and have faith in your own abilities, You've carefully analyzed what you're going to do, and then break them down into a number of contextual units, which are the necessary steps to get them done quickly. Take into account the uncertainty, and when you're not busy, try to solve the usual tasks that are inevitable. To do a good job at work, you must be good at using your own time. Work is infinite, time is limited. Time is the most valuable asset. No time, no plans, no more goals, no more ability, no more. Time is so valuable, but it is the most scalable, it can be fleeting, it can be the most effective, time is potential capital. Make full and reasonable use of every available time, the process of compressed time, to maximize the time value. [editing] the latest concept of time management -- GTD GTD is an abbreviation for Getting Things Done. "Getting Things Done," a best-selling book by David Allen, is a domestic Chinese translation of "the art of working without pressure". GTD's basic approach: GTD can be divided into three steps: gathering, organizing, organizing, reviewing and acting: Collection: is you can think of all the matters not mentioned herein referred to as the stuff of the (GTD) list, all in the inbox, the inbox can be used to place the actual folder or basket of various physical also needs to have used to record all kinds of paper or PDA. The key is to get everything out of your brain and keep track of all the work. Organize: when you put stuff into your inbox, you need to do regular or irregular cleaning and emptying your inbox. Differentiate between those stuff can be put into action, for content cannot be put into action, can be further divided into resources, may need to deal with and rubbish categories in the future, and to the action of content to consider whether it can be finished in two minutes, if you can act immediately to complete it, if not for the next step for organizations. Organization: the personal sense organization is the most central step in GTD, which is organized primarily into organizations that look at resources and organizations that move forward. Organization of the resources is mainly a document management system, and to organize the next move in general can be divided into: the next action list, waiting lists and list/someday in the future. Waiting list mainly records the delegating work to do, the future/record list is one day delay treatment plans for the future and there is no specific completion, electronics and so on. The next list is the concrete next step, and if a project involves multi-step work, it needs to be refined into concrete work. GTD's handling of the list with general to-do list of the biggest difference is that, it makes a further refinement, such as by location (computer, telephone, home, office, supermarket) respectively record only can perform the action in these places, and when you to these sites also can clearly know that should do the work. Review: the review is an important step in GTD, generally need to review and check every week, through the review and check all of your listings and updates, to ensure that the GTD system work, and at the same time in the review of the project may need to be in the coming week. Execution: now you can act on each listing, in specific actions may need according to the environment, the amount of time, energy and importance to select list and list of matters to action. [editor] 11 golden law [1] Rule 1: be consistent with your values You must establish the values of the individual, if values are not clear, it's hard to know what's most important to you, when your values are not clear, time distribution must be bad. Time management is not about managing time, but about how you allocate it. You'll never have time to do everything, but you'll always have time for the things that matter most to you. Gold law 2: set clear goals Success is equal to goals, and the purpose of time management is to allow you to achieve more goals in the shortest amount of time you want to achieve. You have to write our 4 to 10 goals, to find a core objective, and sequential importance, then according to your target set some detailed plan, the key to you is according to the plan. Rule 3: change your mind William James, the father of American psychology of behavior at the time of the study found that such two kinds of attitude towards the time: "this work must be done really hate it, so I can be try to drag drag" and "it's a pleasant job, but it must be completed, so I'll have to start work, early so that they can get rid of it". When you have a motivation, it's important to take the first step. Don't try to overthrow your whole habit right away, just force yourself to do something you procrastinate right now. Then, start tomorrow morning and start by picking the ones you don't want to do in your list every day. Rule four: follow the 20-80 law. Life will certainly have some emergency and can't wait to solve the problem, if you find yourself every day in dealing with these things, that means your time management is not ideal. Winners spend the most time doing the most important things, not the most urgent things, but the average person is doing something urgent but not important. Rule 5: schedule "uninterrupted" time At least half an hour to an hour of "uninterrupted" time per day. If you can have an hour completely without any interference, shut yourself in your own space to think or work, this one hour can arrive you a day's work efficiency, and even sometimes it one hour than you three days work efficiency. King: the deadline is strictly stipulated Parkinson's disease (c - NoarthcoteParkinson) in its written "Parkinson's Law" (Parkinsons Law), write down the words: "how much time you have finished the work, the work will automatically become need so much time." If you have a whole day to do something, you will spend a day doing it. And if you have only one hour to do the work, you will be able to do it more quickly and effectively within an hour. Golden rule 7: make the time log How long did it take you to do what things, it is recorded in detail, in the morning to go out (including the shower, change clothes, breakfast, etc.) how long did it take, how long did it take a ride, how long did it take out to visit customers... Write down the time you spend each day, and you will be able to see clearly what time you wasted. This is the same thing as bookkeeping. When you find the root of the waste of time, you can change it. Rule 8: understanding time is greater than money In exchange for your money in exchange for the success of others, you must take every opportunity to learn from the top. Carefully choose the objects you touch, because it will save you a lot of time. Let's say that with a successful person, it took him 40 years to be successful, and you've been dating 10 of these people, you're not like 400 years of experience, right? Golden rule 9: learn to make lists Write down everything you need to do first to make sure you have the task at hand. Don't believe that you can use your mind to remember everything, and when you see your long list, there is a sense of urgency. The same kind of thing is best done at once If you do your homework on paper, you will do your homework on paper. If you're thinking, think for a while; If you're on the phone, you'd better get the phone up to a certain time. When you do one thing over and over again, you will be able to do well, and the efficiency will improve. Rule 11: do the most efficient thing every 1 minute You have to think about how to do a good job, and what are the most efficient things that you can do to make sure that you are able to do a good job. Always aim at the target's performance (promotion)