三维立体显示技术

第31卷 第1期 2008年2月 电 子 器 件 Vol. 31 No. 1 Chinese Journal以 Electron众-vices Feb.2008 Three Dimensional Display Technology骨 WANG Ai-hong,WANG Qiong-hua’,L1 Da-hai，TAO Yu-hong，ZHAO Ren-liang，ZHAO Wu-xiang? (School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Chi、八ey儿,aooratOry。了runaamentat zczence Jor ivatzonat uejense,t,nengau o1vvoo,i,rtzna Abstract: The realization of three dimensional (3D) display is a long fostered dream. 3D display becomes an attractive frontier research area. The concepts, some technologies about 3D display are expounded. The states of the art for two mainstream technologies of auto-stereoscopic 3D display are presented. The impor- tant applications of 3D display are briefly given. Key words: three-dimensional (3D) display; stereoscopic display; auto-stereoscopic 31) display EEACC:7260 三维立体显示技术’ 王爱红，王琼华’，李大海，陶宇虹，赵仁亮，赵悟翔 严川大学电子信息学院，成都610065;_ _. 、 、视觉合成图形图像技术国防重点学科实验室，成那 6100651 摘 要:实现三维立体显示是人类长期的梦想。三维立体显示技术已成为当今一个引人注目的前沿科技领域。文中介绍了 三维立体显示的概念和一些技术方法。自由立体显示技术是当今立体显示的主流技术，文中阐述了该技术的研发动态。最 后概述了三维立体显示的重要应用及意义。 关键词:三维显示，立体显示，自由立体显示 中图分类号二IN27 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-9490(2008)01-0299-03 Display technology is an important technology in modern information society. Most current elec- tronic display devices represent two dimensional (2D) images of the three dimensional (3D) world. The realization of 3D display for mankind is a long fostered dream. 31) electronic display becomes an attractive frontier research area nowadays. 1 Concept，Classification and Tech- nology of 3D Display Usually, when viewing a scene in real life, an observer sees a different image with each eye and this causes the visual perception of depth. There- fore a device presents two images with a little difference for each eye or the device itself displays a volumetric image, viewers can see the 3D display image. In the middle of 19th century, the first stereo- scopic pictures that can support the effect of the binocular parallax were tried. After that, many stereoscopic display systems have been developed Additionally, there were trials to make a TV that can support stereo image from stereo movie using films in 1980s. Nowadays, many kinds of 3D dis- play devices have been developed 3D display is classified into two types; one is called stereoscopic 3D display and the other is called autostereoscopic 3D display. The former in- cludes head mount system, anaglyph system, po- larized filter system, field sequential system and so on. Most are mature technologies but they satisfy only two visual cues (binocular disparity and con- vergence)，resulting in the problem of discrepancy against other visual cues(accommodation and movement parallax). The discrepancy causes eye fatigue or headache. The latter is also called true 3D display. It advances along three general approa- 收稿日期:2007-04-30 基金项目:总装备部预研基金和四川省应用基础研究基金资助项目 作者简介:王琼华(1969-)，女，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向为信息显示技术，ghwang@cdnet edu, cn. 万方数据 300 电 子 器 件 第31卷 ches:①volumetric display,②electronic hologra- phy and (3) direction-multiplexed display[']. Volumetric display projects image points to definite loci in a physical volume of space where they appear either on a real surface or in translu- cent images forming a stack of distinct depth planes. Video-based electronic holographic techniques are still in their infancy, although they have received much attention over the past ten years. It is yet an open question how to store and transmit the enormous a- mount of data contained on a hologram And holo- grams cannot be recorded with natural (incoherent) lighting-a decisive shortcoming. Direction-multiplexed displays apply optical effects like diffraction, refraction, reflection, de- flection and occlusion in order to direct the light e- mitted by pixels of different perspective views ex- clusive to the appropriate eye. The two main tech- nologies for direction-multiplexed displays are par- allax barrier and lenticular lens arrays. The technology challenges for 3D display are multidisciplinary and require simultaneous consid- eration of evolving status of knowledge of hard- ware, software and humanware. O _Parallaxbartier 、、 三三里之0 viewer's eyes Flat display panel (a) parallax barriers ? ?? ? ? 里才卜Lens ri皿 aispiay pane (b) lenticular lens arrays Fig. 1 Two main 3D autostereoscopic displays 2 Two Mainstream Mature Technolo- gies and Their Improvements 3D display technology is an attractive frontier research area and many countries are devoted to it. Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Germany, Ameri- ca, China and so on engage in the research and de- velopment of 3D display. Scientists and researchers focused on the fundamental research in 1980s, and some achievements were obtained in 1990s. During this century, more funds are spent on the develop- ment of devices and systems for military and civil applications[Z1. As mentioned above, the two main optical technologies for direction-multiplexed autostereo- scopic displays are parallax barriers and lenticular lens arrays, as shown in Fig. 1. Of course the par- allax barriers can be located between the backlight and the flat display panel. The two systems have superior characteristics and provide the low cost necessary for mass-market adoption, largely be- cause they both use inexpensive high-image-quality components that can be added to existing flat panel displays and they have the ability to switch be- tween 2D display mode and 3D display mode. Both approaches can also produce high quality 3D dis- plays utilizing either two views or multiple views for extended viewing freedoME33. The two main 3D technologies, however, have some disadvantages such as half or less than half resolution for 3D images comparing to 2D ima- ges. So many new techniques were developed to improve the resolution of the 3D display. The base flat display panels with full high resolution 1920X 1080 are avaible, which make sure the 3D images still have high resolution after they reduce. A high resolution autostereoscopic display employing a time division parallax barrier was developed. In this method, spatial division and time division are used simultaneousl尹'3. The parallax polarizer bar- rier sterescopic 3D display systems were proposed to obtain much greater resolution than that of a conventioal parallax barrier 3D display. But the method can only apply to projection displaysEs3. It presents 3D images with the same resolution as 2D images. Some 3D displays have the opportunity to switch between 2D and 3D mode such that either natural 3D images or high-resolution 2D images can be displayed. However, especially for mobile ap- plications it is advantageous to be able to display 3D and 2D at the same time. A locally switchable lenticulars 3D display, which combines perfect high-resolution 2D with natural 3D areas, was de- velopedE'3. The typical parallax barrier 3D display system has a 3D transmission of 30%o，the brightness of 3D images is much lower than 2D images. Recently two methods were used to improve the brightness of the 3D display. One is the light-reuse method. The idea is to evaporate a layer of metal thin film on the back of the grating of parallax barrier which can guide the reflected lighi to transparent region, and the reflected light can be reused againP3. An- 万方数据 第1期 王爱红，王球华等:三维立体显示技术 301 other is aperture grille method. The idea is to use aperture grille as the parallax barrier. Main advan- tages of using aperture grille include no reflection and no absorption in apertures. The contrast in- creases and the viewing areas enlarge comparing to the conventional parallax barrier[C. The key factor in consumer acceptance of 3D display based on the above main mature technolo- gies is that the display without stress for users with normal stereo vision. Although this is a com- plicated psychophysical challenge, the display de- signers try to produce significant improvements in user acceptance by minimizing image crosstalk-es- sentially the leakage of the left-eye images to the right-eye, and maximizing viewing freedom. Well- designed parallax barrier and lenticular lens array systems can produce high-quality 3D images[31. 3 Applications of 3D Display True 3D representations can enable faster and more adequate visualization, simulation, and col- laboration. e. g. entertainment including TV, computer monitor and mobile screen, film; fighter combat training, situational awareness, telepres- ence, battlefield visualization, undersea naviga- tion, and medical visualization; and other areas such as multispectral LIDAR/LADAR data, the 3D structure of molecular docking simulations, and the very multidimensional data that is analyzed in combinatorial chemistry. 3D display device will be very important tool for modern advanced technolo- gies such as space and nuclear power and etc. . E- ven the education and advertisement need 3D dis- play with vivid images. The realization of 3D displays is a long fos- tered dream for mankind, because the world is three dimensions. Above 85% information is relat- ed the space position and 3D display is the best presentation of the nature. It is predicted that 3D stereo TVs will follow HDTVs and become the trend of image broadcast. If we regard black and white TVs as the first generation production, color TV as the second generation production, then 3D stereo TV will be the third generation production. 3D display is called one of the greatest revolutiona- ry technologies in the 21st century. 4 Conclusion The realization of 3D display is a long fostered dream and the dream is coming true. 31) displays become an attractive frontier research area. The concepts, some technologies about 3D display are expounded in the paper. Two main mature tech- nologies of auto-stereoscopic 3D displays and their improvements are presented. The important appli- cations of 3D display are briefly given. To satisfy the needs of 3D display having good performances, more research work will be done in the future. References [1] Darrel G. 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