基础英语学习札记（4）

基础英语学习札记（四） TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 一、Add的用法小结 1 二、as if, as though用法小结 3 三、as well和as well as的用法 3 四、pick up的用法 5 五、rather than 用法小结 6 六、would rather的用法 7 七、 fairly, quite, rather区别 9 八、spend、pay、 cost、 take用法 9 九、 Worth worthy worthwhile的用法区别 12 十、常用英语标点符号及其用法 13 十一、英语倒装句(Inversion) 17 十二、独立主格结构 21 十三、零冠词用法归纳 28 十四、英文论文中“such as, for example, e.g., i.e., etc., et al. ”的用法分析 30 十五、英语日期表达方式 31 十六、英语构词法 32 十七、英语中的合成词 39 十八、be subject to 与be subjected to辨析 40 一、Add的用法小结 add [æd] .1. 加上，增加，添加（连接或联合以扩大规模，数量，质量或范围）；附加；掺加 (to)： 例句: She added sugar to her tea.她在茶里加了糖。 to add two cups of sugar 加两杯糖 The fire is going out, will you add some wood? 火要灭了， 请你加点柴， 好吗？ In some films, he added folk music, which he wrote himself. 他在一些影片中加入了他自己谱写的民间音乐。 2. 附带说明，进一步(或进而，接着，补充)说(或写)，附言，再言，后常接that从句： 例句: He added philosophically.他富于哲理地补充说。 to add a postscript to his letter 在他的信末附了一笔 　 She added that he should never come to see her again. 　　她又说， 他再也不必来看她了。 　　He added that they would return a week later. 　　他接着说他们一周后回来。 　　“At your age you should give all your attention to your studies,” her father added. 她的父亲又说：“像你这样的年纪应当把精力放在学习上。” 3. 把…加起来，加算，合算；合计，加，计算…的总和，总共，共得(常与 up 连用)： 例句: If you add 5 to 5, you get 10 .5加5得10。 Add this column of figures.把这栏的数字合计起来。 4. 把…包括在内，加进，插入(常与 in 连用)： 例句: Don't forget to add in the tip.别忘了把小费也算上。 .1. 做加法，加： 例句: The children are learning to add and subtract. 孩子们学做加减法。You don't know how to add.你不懂怎样做加法。 2. 累积而成： 例句: The facts add together to give a hope picture of the firm's future. 这些事实综合起来，给这家公司的未来描绘了一幅有希望的图像。 3. 起增添作用，增添，添加（构成附加物）(to)： 例句: This adds to my pleasure.这使我更加高兴。 Her illness added to the family's troubles.她的病给家人添了麻烦。 4. 扩大；扩建；增加 (to)： 例句: The palace had been added to from time to time.这座宫殿曾一再扩建。 1. 加法；加法运算2. (一篇报道的)补充部分 Add的短语： 1. add to增加 　　The bad weather added to our difficulties. 　　坏天气增加了我们的困难。 　　The examination has added to their pressure. 　　考试增加了他们的压力。 　　I didn’t want to add to Mother’s trouble. 　　我不愿意给母亲添麻烦。 2. add... to... 把……加到…… 　　If you add five to five， you get ten. 　　五加五得十。 　　Six added to eight makes fourteen. 　　八加六等于十四。 　　Please add my name to the list. 　　请在名单上加上我的名字。 　　Will you add more sugar to your coffee？ 　　你的咖啡要多加些糖吗？ 3. add up加起来，合计; 一致，合理 　　He is now adding up the bill. 　　他正在算帐单。 　　Every time I add up these figures, I get a different answer. 　　每次我加这些数字，结果都不一样。 　　He has been arrested for murder, but the evidence just didn’t add up. 　　他因谋杀罪被捕，但那些证据并不合情理。 4. add up to总计；意味着, 说明 　　The cost of the two trips added up to 3，000 dollars.两次旅行的费用加起来达3000美元。 　　His income adds up to 2，000 yuan a month. 　　每月他的收入共计2000元。 　　If all adds up to this―he is a warm?鄄hearted man. 　　所有这些说明一点――他是一个热心的人。 　　She gave many excuses, but what they added up to was that she did not want to come. 　　她提出了种种借口， 但只不过说明她不想来。 　　I didn’t think these facts will add up to anything. 　　我看这些事实不能说明任何问。 词语辨析add和increase： 　　 　　作及物动词用的add和increase在意义和用法上不同。add是把某事物或数量加在另一事物或数量上。如：He added another book to his library.他又增加了一本藏书。increase是增大某一数量本身。如：This measure will probably increase the expenses.这一措施也许会增加支出。 hey have decided to increase his wages to $1,000 a month.他们已决定把他的工资增加到每月1000美元。 知识拓展： 　　1. added是add派生出来的过去分词， 作形容词用， 意为“额外的”，“附加的”， “增添的”。 　　I feared making mistakes, and the added pressure caused me to make more than my usual share. (2004年北京卷) 　　我老担心出错，结果这种额外的压力使我犯的错误比平常犯的还要多。 　　2. addition是 add派生出来的名词， 用作可数名词， 作“增加；添加；增强”解；用作不可数名词， 作“加法”解。例如： 　　The addition of networking facilities will greatly enhance the system. 　　网络设备的增加将会大大增强系统的功能。 　　This is your chance to persuade an employer or educator what a great addition to their company, organization, college or university you would be. 　　这是你说服雇佣者或教育机构的机会，让他们觉得你成为他们的一员后， 你会为他们公司、组织、学校或大学增添光辉。 　　Jack’s sister learned addition last week. 　　杰克的妹妹上周学了加法。 二、as if, as though用法小结 　 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如： 　They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.　他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 　He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.　他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 　It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 　说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： 　He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 　He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。 三、as well和as well as的用法 as well 当“也”讲，相当于“too”或“also” not only...but also句式就可以说成not only...but ... as well as well as 是“以及”的意思，类似与“and” as well一律放在句尾 一、as well 用法： 1、as well常用作状语，作“又；也”解，相当于too或also，常位于句末，无须用逗号与句子分开。如： I am going to London and my sister is going as well（＝going，too）. 我要到伦敦去，我妹妹也要去。 I not only play the guitar，I sing as well（＝I also sing ）. 我不但弹吉他，而且还演唱。 2、as well和may(might)连用，作谓语的一部分。may(might)as well表示请求、建议，might比may语气更委婉，作“也好，也行”或“何不、倒不如”解，用来缓和语气。 You may as well go. 你去也好。 The weather was so bad that we might（just）as well have stayed at home. 天气太坏了，早知道如此，倒不如呆在家里为好。 3、as well 可以直接用于just后，用作应答语（可视为It's just as well、的省略），作“幸亏，幸而；无妨；没关系”解。如： —We were too late to see the film. 我们去得太晚了，没有看上电影。 —Just as well、I hear it isn't very good. 不必遗憾，我听说电影也不怎么样。 二、as well as 用法 1、as well as常用来连接两个并列的成分，如名词、形容词、动词、介词，通常不位于句首。作“也，还”解。它强调的是前一项，后一项只是顺便提及。因此连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前一项一致；翻译时要先译后面，再译前面。而用not only ...but also...连接时，谓语动词与后一项一致。如： Your wife as well as you is friendly to me. 不仅你而且你的妻子也对我很友好。 （＝Not only you but also your wife is friendly to me、） Electric energy can be changed into light energy as well as into sound energy. 电能既可以被转变成声能，又可以被转变成光能。 2、as well as 用来表示同级比较，指“一样好”。如： You look as well as you did ten years ago. 你的身体看起来还和十年前一样好。 He plays the guitar as well as you. 他的吉他弹得和你一样好。 3、用作介词 此时，as well as相当于besides，in addition to，意思为“除……之外”，后面通常接名词或动词，尤其是位于句首时。 As well as / Besides / In addition to eating five course meals, they drank seven bottles of wine. 除了五道菜外，他们还喝了七 注意： 1. as well as可连接并列的单词或短语。例如： It is unpleasant in summer as well as in winter. 夏天不好过，冬天也不好过。 The child is lively as well as healthy. 这孩子既健康又活泼。 2. as well as连接两个谓语动词时，它们的时态应保持一致。例如： He publishes as well as prints his own books. 他的书是他自己印刷出版的。 We are repairing the roof as well as painting the walls. 我们在粉刷墙壁同时也在修理屋顶。 3.as well as与动词连用时，其后可用V-ing形式，尤其as well as 位于句首时，此时相当于in addition to。例如： As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 他不但摔断了腿，而且还伤了胳膊。 She sings as well as playing the piano. 她不但会弹钢琴，而且会唱歌。 4.如果as well as 前面是动词不定式，那么其后的动词也是不定式，但to要省略。例如： You cannot expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children. 你不可能叫她既照顾孩子又做家务。 5.由as well as 连接的复合主语并不影响谓语动词的数。例如： Helen as well as I is eager to see the performance. 海伦和我一样急于要看演出。 I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅他们愿意帮助你，我也愿意帮助你。 6. as well as连接的人称代词既可以是主格也可以是宾格，但句意不同。例如： They have invited you as well as me. 他们邀请了我，也邀请了你。（you和me都作invited的宾语） They have invited you as well as I. 他们和我一样都邀请了你。（they和I都作invited的主语） 7. as well as用于肯定结构和否定结构中，其意义不同。as well as 和not搭配使用，as well as 位于not前时，两者均否定；位于not后时，否定前者，肯定后者。例如： George, as well as his brother, has gone abroad. 乔治和他兄弟一样都出国了。 George hasn’t gone abroad as well as his brother. 乔治并没有和他兄弟一样出国去。（他兄弟一人出国） George, as well as his brother, hasn’t gone abroad. 乔治和他兄弟都没有出国。 8. as well as在意义上通常强调前者，而not only …but also在意义上则强调后者。例如： He’s got a car as well as a motorbike. 他不但有一辆摩托车，而且有一辆小汽车。 （= He’s got not only a motorbike but also a car. ） 9.注意as well as 有时会引起歧义句。例如： He can speak French as well as English. （1）他会说英语，也会说法语。 （2）他说法语能说得像英语一样好。（…as well as he speaks English） 10． As well as连接三个成分时，可用A and B as well as C,也可用 A as well as B and C,但不可用 A, B as well as C. 例：You, he as well as I （错误） You and he as well as I （正确） 四、pick up的用法 1. 表示“拾起”､“拿起”､“捡起”等意思｡例如: Jack turned over the wallet he had picked up in the street to the police. 杰克把在街上捡到的钱包交给了警察｡ He picked up the dictionary at hand and began to look up the new word in it. 他拿起手边的词典开始查找这个生词｡ 2. 表示“中途搭载乘客”､“接人”等意思｡例如: The train stopped several times to pick up passengers. 火车沿途停了好几次,让乘客上车｡ Wait here and I’ll pick you up at two o’clock. 在这儿等着,两点钟我来接你｡ 3. 表示“意外发现”､“学到”､“获得”等意思｡例如: Looking through the evening paper last night,I picked up a wonderful poem. 昨晚在浏览晚报时,我意外发现了一首好诗｡ While working in the factory,the students picked up a great deal of imformation on machinery. 在工厂劳动期间,学生们学到了许多关于机械方面的知识｡ 4. 表示“收拾”､“整理”等意思｡例如: The teacher told the students to pick up everything on the floor and get the room tidy before they went out. 老师告诉学生们在出去之前把地上的东西收拾起来,把房间整理干净｡ Please pick up all your toys when you’ve finished playing. 你玩过后请把玩具收拾好｡ 5. 表示“看到”､“瞥见”等意思｡例如: When they picked up the high tower in the distance,they knew they were nearing the city. 看到远处的高塔,他们知道离那座城市不远了｡ We picked up the car again within a block. 我们在一个楼群里又发现了那辆汽车｡ 6. 表示“(从电台､收音机)收听”､“接收”､“记录”等意思｡例如: I managed to pick up an American news broadcast. 我设法收听到一家美国电台的新闻广播｡ It is necessary to use a long wave radio to pick up the “Follow Me” program. 必须用一台长波收音机才能收听到“跟我学”这个节目｡ 7. 表示“逮捕”､“拘捕”等意思｡例如: She was picked up on stealing charges. 她因被控偷窃而被拘捕｡ We picked up the thief who had stolen the diamond ring in a shop. 我们逮住了在一家商店偷钻戒的贼｡ 8. 表示“加快(速度)”的意思｡例如: The train was gradually picking up speed. 火车逐渐加快了速度｡ 9. 表示“(颜色或家具)有少量的……颜色”的意思｡例如: I like the way the curtains pick up the red and yellow in the rug. 我喜欢那些窗帘带一点地毯中的红色和黄色｡ 10. 表示“(生意､生产､天气､健康､社交生活等)的好转”､“改进”､“提高”､“有起色”等意思｡例如: The economy is finally beginning to pick up again. 经济终于又开始有所好转｡ He picked up nicely after a long careful treat. 经过较长时间的精心治疗后,他的健康恢复得很好｡ It seems as if the weather may pick up soon. 看上去天气好像很快要放晴了｡ 11. 表示“重提(话题)”､“重新开始”､“继续”等意思｡例如: She picked up the story where she had left it yesterday. 她接着昨天没有讲完的故事往下讲｡ He left for two years and then came back expecting to pick up where they had left off. 他离开(她)两年后又回来了,希望重新开始他们的关系｡ 12. 表示“收集到”的意思｡例如: Can you pick up some special kind of stamps? 你能收集到一些特种邮票吗? 13. 表示“与……(指异性)偶然结识”､“结交”等意思｡例如: I wish I could just go out and pick up a nice man. 我希望我能够走出去并结识一个好男人｡ Where did Jack pick up with Mary? 杰克在哪里结识玛丽的? 14. 表示“闻到(轻微味道)”､“听到(轻微声音)”等意思｡例如: The dogs picked up the scent and raced off. 那些狗嗅出了气味飞快地跑了｡ Then he picked up the even fainter aroma of apple pie. 然后他闻到了一点更淡的苹果的香味｡ 15. 表示“用较少的钱买到”､“付款”的意思｡例如: My friends knew where to pick up a good second-hand bike. 我的朋友知道在哪里可以便宜地买到好的二手自行车｡ 16. 表示“跌倒后站(爬)起来”的意思｡例如: She fell off her bike, but quickly picked up herself. 她从自行车上摔了下来,但马上爬了起来｡ 五、rather than 用法小结 rather than 是一个并列连词，用法比较复杂，现归纳如下： 　　1. rather than 与would 连用时，构成“would rather...than...”句式，意思是“宁愿……而不愿……”，表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。例如： 　　She'd rather die than lose the children. 她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。 　　2. rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是……而不是……；与其……不如……”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。现分述如下： 　　(1) 连接两个名词或代词 　　He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。 　　You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。 　　注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。 　　(2) 连接两个形容词 　The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。 　　(3) 连接两个介词(短语)或动名词 　　We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。 　　She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。 　　(4) 连接两个分句 　　We should help him rather than he should help us. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。 　　(5) 连接两个不定式 　　I decided to write rather than (to) telephone. 我决定写信而不打电话。 　　注意：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to, 如上句。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。如：Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price. 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。 　　(6) 连接两个动词 　　He ran rather than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来的。 　　注意：这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表示客观事实，而不是主观愿望。如果换成walk，则作“宁愿……而不愿 ……”解。 六、would rather的用法 一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为’d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式 其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。 “would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。 例 Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。 If you’d rather be alone, we’ll all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。 He’d rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。 You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。 二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿……而不愿……，与其……宁可……”的意思时，则可用would rather…than…或would…rather than…的句型 例 I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。 The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。 请注意 1） would rather…than…/would…rather than…也可以颠倒为：rather than…would…。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。 例 I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。 He would rather drink wine than beer． 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。 2)使用would rather…than…句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。 例 I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。 I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。 三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would rather…than…中的would要放在主语之前 例 Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？ Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？ Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？ 四、would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿……,还是…… 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。 例 John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来) We’d rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。 Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。 请注意 1） 如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,其（that）从句则用过去完成时。 例 Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。 2）如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。 例 I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods． 他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。 Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does．亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。 五、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。 例Tom would rather/sooner read than talk． 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers reading to talking．汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。 请注意 1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。 例 He prefers wine to beer．= He would rather drink wine than beer． 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 I prefer tennis to golf．= I’d rather play tennis than golf． 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。 2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats．（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than cats．（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。 3） would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。 例 I’d rather fly than go by sea．=I’d prefer to fly． 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。 这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样： 例 —Would you like some gin？ —I’d prefer a coffee．=I’d rather have coffee than gin． —您想喝点杜松子酒吗？ —我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。 4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。 例 We went by sea but I’d rather have gone by air=I’d prefer to have gone by air． 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。）这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。 七、 fairly, quite, rather区别 这三个副词都可用来说明形容词和副词的程度，十分容易混淆。 1．fairly意为“相当，还算”，是这一组词中语气最轻的一个。quite为“相当，或多或少地，在某种程度上”，语气比fairly稍强。rather为“相当，有点，颇”，在这三个副词中语气最强。试比较下列各句： This film is fairly good. 这部电影还可以看看。Your composition is quite good. 你的作文还不错。 His homework is rather good. 他的作业相当不错。 又如：This book is fairly easy. 这本书还算浅易。 He is quite grown up. 他差不多长大成人了。 That is rather hard to explain right away. 要立即说明是颇有难度的 2．fairly只用于修饰褒义的形容词和副词，如可以说She is fairly clever，不可说She is fairly foolish。rather主要用于贬义，如rather poor/bad/stupid/ugly，但它也可以用在某些褒义的形容词和副词前，具有比fairly更强烈的褒义，相当于very，如rather good/ well/pretty /clever。另外，若在没有褒贬意义的词前用fairly，表示说话人赞同；若用rather，则表示不赞同。试比较： This soup is fairly hot. 这汤蛮热的。 This soup is rather hot. 这汤太烫了。 She is fairly tall for her age. 就她的年龄来说，她长得算是高了。 She is rather tall for her age. 就她的年龄来说，她长得过于高了。 3．rather可与too及比较级连用，而fairly和quite则不可。如： My mother is rather better today. 我母亲今天病好多了。 This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors. 这本书对低年级学生说来未免太难，对高年级学生说来又嫌太容易。 4．quite和rather还可和动词连用，fairly则不可和动词连用。如： This does not quite satisfy me. 这没有完全使我满意。 I don't quite follow you. 我不大懂你的话。 They rather expected to win the match. 他们颇想赢得这场比赛。 I rather like her. 我相当喜欢她。 5. quite和rather都可修饰名词，但须放在不定冠词前。如： That was quite an accident. 那是一次不太寻常的事故。 It's rather a pity. 这真是相当遗憾。 当名词前有形容时，quite和rather可放在不定冠词后，也可放在不定冠词前。如： They had a quite good time. 也可说quite a good time。 It is a rather cold day. 也可说rather a cold day。 八、spend、pay、 cost、 take用法 1. spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构： (1) sb. spend time/money on sth. 在……上花费时间(金钱) 　e.g. I spent two hours on this maths problem.这道数学题花了我两个小时。 (2) sb. spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花费时间(金钱) 做某事 　e.g. They spent two years (in) building this bridge.造这座桥花了他们两年时间。 (3) sb. spend money for sth. 花钱买…… 　e.g. His money was spent for books.他的钱用来买书了。 2. cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示“值”，常见用法如下： (1) sth. cost (sb.)+金钱 某物花了(某人)多少钱 　e.g. A new computer costs a lot of money.买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。 (2) (doing) sth. cost (sb.)+时间 某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间 　e.g. Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 　　 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。 3. take后面常跟双宾语，表示花费时间、金钱等；常见用法有以下几种： (1) It takes sb. +时间+to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间 　e.g. It took them three years to build this road.他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 (2) doing sth. takes sb.+时间 做某事花了某人多少时间 　e.g. Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.他花了一下午修车。 其中it是形式主语，真正主语是后面的动词不定式。 若对本句型结构中的some time提问，使用how long。 e.g. It takes me an hour to do my homework every evening. 我每晚要用一小时来做作业。 How long does it take you to do your homework? 　 做作业要花费你多长时间？ 4. pay的基本用法是： (1) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买…… 　e.g. I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。 (2) pay for sth. 付……的钱 　e.g. I have to pay for the book lost.我不得不赔丢失的书款。 (3) pay for sb. 替某人付钱 　e.g. Don't worry! I'll pay for you.别担心，我会给你付钱的。 (4) pay sb. 付钱给某人 　e.g. They pay us every month.他们每月给我们报酬。 (5) pay money back 还钱 　e.g. May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 　　 你能借给我12块钱吗？下周还你。 (6) pay off one's money 还清钱 　e.g. They pay off our money yesterday.他们昨天把我们的钱还清了。 Take的用法 动词take在不同的语言环境中可以表示许多不同的意思，了解并掌握其用法很有必要。常见的用法有： 1）表示“拿走、带走、带去”。如： Could you take it to the classroom? 你把它拿到教室里去好吗？ 2）表示“带给”如： Take him another cup of tea.再端一杯茶给他。 3）表示“吃、喝、服用”。如： The doctor often gives me some medicine to take for my cold.医生常给我一些感冒药吃。 Take the medicine three times a day.每天服药三次。 4) 表示“乘车（船）”等。如： You can take the No.2 bus. 你可以做第2路公共汽车去。 5)表示“花费/用（时间）”。如： It takes about two hours. 大约要花两个小时。 How long does it take by ship? 坐船要用多长时间？ 6）与不同的词搭配，构成不同的固定短语。如： take a walk 散步 take away food可带走熟食 take one’s temperature量体温 take one’s time 不急/从容不迫 take exercise做运动 take a look看一看 take photos拍照/照相 take off脱下/脱掉 take (good) care of照顾，照料 take out取出/拿出 7）运用某种交通工具去某地的表达方法，除前面列举的几个外，常用的还有： by plane (=by air) 乘飞机 by ship (= by sea) 乘轮船 by boat (= by water) 坐船 by taxi乘出租车 by subway乘地铁 by minibus乘小公共汽车 Cost 的用法 1. 价钱，价格；代价；费用；成本2. 牺牲，损失3. 支出，花费，开支 4. [用复数]【法律】诉讼费(尤指判处败方偿付胜方的诉讼费用) .1. 花费；价格为；值： 例句: It must cost a good deal to live here.住在这里一定要花很多钱的。 2. 使付出；使损失，使失去： 例句: Careless driving cost him his life.开车不小心使他丧了命。 3. 需(努力)；费(事)： 例句: Courtesy costs little and means much.礼貌不费事，意义却很大。 4. costed, costing 估计…的成本： 例句: The work was costed by the engineer at $50,000. 这项工程据工程师估价为50 000美元。 .1. 估计成本： 例句: We want a man who must be able to cost.我们需要一个能计算成本的人。 2. 需要花费，需要付出高昂代价： 例句: The furniture in the living room really costs. 起居室里的这套家具真花了不少钱。 短语 1. at all costs不惜任何代价，无论如何 2. at any cost=at all costs 3. at cost按原价，照成本 4. at the cost of以…为代价 5. cost someone dear (或 dearly)使某人付出沉重代价，使某人大受损失 6. cost what it may不惜任何代价，无论如何 7. count the cost(做事前)权衡利害得失；估计不利条件 8. to one's cost吃了苦头之后才…，由于付了代价才… 九、 Worth worthy worthwhile的用法区别 一、从句法功能上看 　　worth 通常只用作表语，不用于名词前作定语； worthy 和 worthwhile 可用作表语和定语。如： 　　It isn’t worth the trouble. 不值得费那个事。 　　He is a worthy gentleman. 他是位值得尊敬的绅士。 　　His behavior is worthy of great praise. 他的行为值得高度赞扬。 　　They achieved a very worthwhile result. 他们取得了很有价值的成果。 　　We had a long wait， but it was worthwhile becaus