现实主义

nullRealismRealism现实主义A Definition（from Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)A Definition（from Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)A mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or ‘reflecting’ faithfully an actual way of life.’ The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description (i.e. verisimilitude) and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favour of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life. null Modern criticism frequently insists that realism is not a direct or simple reproduction of reality( a ‘slice of life’) but a system of conventions producing a lifelike illusion of some ‘real’ world outside the text, by processes of selection, exclusion, description, and manners of addressing the reader. nullIn its methods and attitudes, realism may be found as an element in many kinds of writing prior to the 19th century(e.g. In Chaucer or Defoe, in their different ways); but as a dominant literary trend it is associated chiefly with the 19th-century novel of middle- or lower-class life, in which the problems of ordinary people in unremarkable circumstances are rendered with close attention to the details of physical setting and to the complexities of social life. Major FeaturesMajor Features 1. Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner. Mark Twain is a good example. He laughed at people who were caught up in the world of illusions, who were not mature enough to see real situations.null2. In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth. Before this time characters served some sort of allegorical or symbolic purpose. The realist writers value individuals highly, stress the function of environment in shaping character, and take characterization as the center of the story.null3. Realist works often have open endings. Open ending is a method of truthful treatment of material. It tells the readers that life is complex and it is impossible to tie up all the loose ends. Besides, open ending leaves much room for the reader to consider the possible conclusion of the story.null4. Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the artists. Realists are interested in the commonplace, the everyday, the average, the trivial, and the representative.null5. Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.null 6. Realism presents moral visions.null